chore: reuse transition package (adds dependency, need to see what to do)

* chore: validate layout size and positioning in backend

* test: add integratino test for layout validation

* test: use assert instead of require for non blocking check

* test: use assert instead of require for non blocking check

* fix: move require to assert for actual test checks

docs/api/openapi.yml

@@ -2672,7 +2672,6 @@ components:
         unit:
           type: string
         value:
-          format: double
           type: number
       required:
       - value
@@ -3571,7 +3570,7 @@ components:
       - user
       - system
       - integration
-      type: object
+      type: string
     DashboardtypesSpanGaps:
       properties:
         fillLessThan:
@@ -3622,7 +3621,6 @@ components:
         unit:
           type: string
         value:
-          format: double
           type: number
       required:
       - value
@@ -3659,7 +3657,6 @@ components:
         unit:
           type: string
         value:
-          format: double
           type: number
       required:
       - value

frontend/.oxlintrc.json

@@ -328,6 +328,11 @@
           {
             "name": "immer",
             "message": "[State mgmt] Direct immer usage is deprecated. Use Zustand (which integrates immer via the immer middleware) instead."
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "api/generated/services/dashboard",
+            "importNames": ["patchDashboardV2", "usePatchDashboardV2"],
+            "message": "[dashboard-v2] Don't call patchDashboardV2/usePatchDashboardV2 directly — use useOptimisticPatch().patchAsync so spec edits update the react-query cache optimistically and reconcile on settle."
           }
         ]
       }

frontend/src/api/generated/services/sigNoz.schemas.ts

@@ -3384,7 +3384,6 @@ export interface DashboardtypesThresholdWithLabelDTO {
 	unit?: string;
 	/**
 	 * @type number
-	 * @format double
 	 */
 	value: number;
 }
@@ -3912,7 +3911,6 @@ export interface DashboardtypesComparisonThresholdDTO {
 	unit?: string;
 	/**
 	 * @type number
-	 * @format double
 	 */
 	value: number;
 }
@@ -4201,7 +4199,6 @@ export interface DashboardtypesTableThresholdDTO {
 	unit?: string;
 	/**
 	 * @type number
-	 * @format double
 	 */
 	value: number;
 }

frontend/src/components/YAxisUnitSelector/YAxisUnitSelector.tsx

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { useMemo } from 'react';
 import { SolidAlertTriangle } from '@signozhq/icons';
 import { Select, Tooltip } from 'antd';
 import type { DefaultOptionType } from 'antd/es/select';
-import classNames from 'classnames';
+import cx from 'classnames';
 
 import { UniversalYAxisUnitMappings } from './constants';
 import { UniversalYAxisUnit, YAxisUnitSelectorProps } from './types';
@@ -72,9 +72,7 @@ function YAxisUnitSelector({
 	}, [categoriesOverride, source]);
 
 	return (
-		<div
-			className={classNames('y-axis-unit-selector-component', containerClassName)}
-		>
+		<div className={cx('y-axis-unit-selector-component', containerClassName)}>
 			<Select
 				showSearch
 				value={universalUnit}
@@ -84,12 +82,17 @@ function YAxisUnitSelector({
 				loading={loading}
 				suffixIcon={
 					incompatibleUnitMessage ? (
-						<Tooltip title={incompatibleUnitMessage}>
-							<SolidAlertTriangle role="img" aria-label="warning" size="md" />
+						<Tooltip
+							title={incompatibleUnitMessage}
+							overlayClassName="y-axis-unit-warning-tooltip"
+						>
+							<span className="y-axis-unit-warning" role="img" aria-label="warning">
+								<SolidAlertTriangle size="md" />
+							</span>
 						</Tooltip>
 					) : undefined
 				}
-				className={classNames({
+				className={cx({
 					'warning-state': incompatibleUnitMessage,
 				})}
 				data-testid={dataTestId}

frontend/src/components/YAxisUnitSelector/__tests__/YAxisUnitSelector.test.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-import { fireEvent, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react';
+import { render, screen } from '@testing-library/react';
+import userEvent from '@testing-library/user-event';
 
 import { YAxisCategoryNames } from '../constants';
 import { UniversalYAxisUnit, YAxisSource } from '../types';
@@ -6,9 +7,13 @@ import YAxisUnitSelector from '../YAxisUnitSelector';
 
 describe('YAxisUnitSelector', () => {
 	const mockOnChange = jest.fn();
+	// antd injects its `pointer-events` styles via cssinjs in jsdom, but the SCSS
+	// overrides aren't loaded — skip the pointer-events check so hovers/clicks register.
+	let user: ReturnType<typeof userEvent.setup>;
 
 	beforeEach(() => {
 		mockOnChange.mockClear();
+		user = userEvent.setup({ pointerEventsCheck: 0 });
 	});
 
 	it('renders with default placeholder', () => {
@@ -34,7 +39,7 @@ describe('YAxisUnitSelector', () => {
 		expect(screen.queryByText('Custom placeholder')).toBeInTheDocument();
 	});
 
-	it('calls onChange when a value is selected', () => {
+	it('calls onChange when a value is selected', async () => {
 		render(
 			<YAxisUnitSelector
 				value=""
@@ -44,9 +49,8 @@ describe('YAxisUnitSelector', () => {
 		);
 		const select = screen.getByRole('combobox');
 
-		fireEvent.mouseDown(select);
-		const option = screen.getByText('Bytes (B)');
-		fireEvent.click(option);
+		await user.click(select);
+		await user.click(screen.getByText('Bytes (B)'));
 
 		expect(mockOnChange).toHaveBeenCalledWith('By', {
 			children: 'Bytes (B)',
@@ -55,7 +59,7 @@ describe('YAxisUnitSelector', () => {
 		});
 	});
 
-	it('filters options based on search input', () => {
+	it('filters options based on search input', async () => {
 		render(
 			<YAxisUnitSelector
 				value=""
@@ -65,14 +69,13 @@ describe('YAxisUnitSelector', () => {
 		);
 		const select = screen.getByRole('combobox');
 
-		fireEvent.mouseDown(select);
-		const input = screen.getByRole('combobox');
-		fireEvent.change(input, { target: { value: 'bytes/sec' } });
+		await user.click(select);
+		await user.type(select, 'bytes/sec');
 
 		expect(screen.getByText('Bytes/sec')).toBeInTheDocument();
 	});
 
-	it('shows all categories and their units', () => {
+	it('shows all categories and their units', async () => {
 		render(
 			<YAxisUnitSelector
 				value=""
@@ -80,9 +83,8 @@ describe('YAxisUnitSelector', () => {
 				source={YAxisSource.ALERTS}
 			/>,
 		);
-		const select = screen.getByRole('combobox');
 
-		fireEvent.mouseDown(select);
+		await user.click(screen.getByRole('combobox'));
 
 		// Check for category headers
 		expect(screen.getByText('Data')).toBeInTheDocument();
@@ -93,7 +95,7 @@ describe('YAxisUnitSelector', () => {
 		expect(screen.getByText('Seconds (s)')).toBeInTheDocument();
 	});
 
-	it('shows warning message when incompatible unit is selected', () => {
+	it('shows warning message when incompatible unit is selected', async () => {
 		render(
 			<YAxisUnitSelector
 				source={YAxisSource.ALERTS}
@@ -104,12 +106,12 @@ describe('YAxisUnitSelector', () => {
 		);
 		const warningIcon = screen.getByLabelText('warning');
 		expect(warningIcon).toBeInTheDocument();
-		fireEvent.mouseOver(warningIcon);
-		return screen
-			.findByText(
+		await user.hover(warningIcon);
+		await expect(
+			screen.findByText(
 				'Unit mismatch. The metric was sent with unit Seconds (s), but Bytes (B) is selected.',
-			)
-			.then((el) => expect(el).toBeInTheDocument());
+			),
+		).resolves.toBeInTheDocument();
 	});
 
 	it('does not show warning message when compatible unit is selected', () => {
@@ -125,7 +127,7 @@ describe('YAxisUnitSelector', () => {
 		expect(warningIcon).not.toBeInTheDocument();
 	});
 
-	it('uses categories override to render custom units', () => {
+	it('uses categories override to render custom units', async () => {
 		const customCategories = [
 			{
 				name: YAxisCategoryNames.Data,
@@ -147,9 +149,7 @@ describe('YAxisUnitSelector', () => {
 			/>,
 		);
 
-		const select = screen.getByRole('combobox');
-
-		fireEvent.mouseDown(select);
+		await user.click(screen.getByRole('combobox'));
 
 		expect(screen.getByText('Custom Bytes (B)')).toBeInTheDocument();
 		expect(screen.queryByText('Bytes (B)')).not.toBeInTheDocument();

frontend/src/components/YAxisUnitSelector/styles.scss

@@ -4,6 +4,13 @@
 	}
 }
 
+// Re-enable hover on the warning icon: its `.ant-select-arrow` parent sets
+// `pointer-events: none`, which would otherwise suppress the tooltip.
+.y-axis-unit-warning {
+	display: inline-flex;
+	pointer-events: auto;
+}
+
 .warning-state {
 	.ant-select-selector {
 		border-color: var(--bg-amber-400) !important;
@@ -17,3 +24,7 @@
 		right: 28px;
 	}
 }
+
+.y-axis-unit-warning-tooltip {
+	max-width: 240px;
+}

frontend/src/container/PublicDashboardContainer/Panel.tsx

@@ -79,13 +79,11 @@ function Panel({
 		},
 		ENTITY_VERSION_V5,
 		{
-			queryKey: [
-				widget?.query,
-				widget?.panelTypes,
-				requestData,
-				startTime,
-				endTime,
-			],
+			// Public data is fetched by index and the payload redacts each widget's
+			// filters, so query bodies are identical across panels. Key on panel
+			// identity + time — the only inputs that determine the response — so
+			// panels don't collapse onto one cache entry.
+			queryKey: [widget?.id, index, startTime, endTime],
 			retry(failureCount, error): boolean {
 				if (
 					String(error).includes('status: error') &&

frontend/src/container/PublicDashboardContainer/__tests__/Panel.test.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+import { PANEL_TYPES } from 'constants/queryBuilder';
+import { render } from 'tests/test-utils';
+import { Widgets } from 'types/api/dashboard/getAll';
+
+import Panel from '../Panel';
+
+const useGetQueryRangeMock = jest.fn();
+
+jest.mock('hooks/queryBuilder/useGetQueryRange', () => ({
+	useGetQueryRange: (...args: unknown[]): unknown => {
+		useGetQueryRangeMock(...args);
+		return {
+			data: undefined,
+			isFetching: false,
+			isLoading: false,
+			isSuccess: true,
+			isError: false,
+		};
+	},
+}));
+
+jest.mock('container/GridCardLayout/GridCard/WidgetGraphComponent', () => ({
+	__esModule: true,
+	default: (): JSX.Element => <div data-testid="widget-graph" />,
+}));
+
+const buildWidget = (id: string): Widgets =>
+	({
+		id,
+		panelTypes: PANEL_TYPES.LIST,
+		query: {
+			builder: {
+				queryData: [{ dataSource: 'logs', limit: 100, orderBy: [] }],
+			},
+		},
+		timePreferance: 'GLOBAL_TIME',
+	}) as unknown as Widgets;
+
+describe('Public dashboard Panel', () => {
+	beforeEach(() => {
+		useGetQueryRangeMock.mockClear();
+	});
+
+	it('keys each panel by widget id + index so identical queries do not collide (bug 5503)', () => {
+		render(
+			<>
+				<Panel
+					widget={buildWidget('widget-a')}
+					index={2}
+					dashboardId="dash-1"
+					startTime={100}
+					endTime={200}
+				/>
+				<Panel
+					widget={buildWidget('widget-b')}
+					index={62}
+					dashboardId="dash-1"
+					startTime={100}
+					endTime={200}
+				/>
+			</>,
+		);
+
+		const [callA, callB] = useGetQueryRangeMock.mock.calls;
+		const queryKeyA = callA[2].queryKey;
+		const metaA = callA[4];
+		const queryKeyB = callB[2].queryKey;
+		const metaB = callB[4];
+
+		// Key is panel identity + time only — the redacted query body is not part
+		// of it, so identical query bodies can't collapse two panels onto one key.
+		expect(queryKeyA).toStrictEqual(['widget-a', 2, 100, 200]);
+		expect(queryKeyB).toStrictEqual(['widget-b', 62, 100, 200]);
+		expect(queryKeyA).not.toStrictEqual(queryKeyB);
+
+		expect(metaA.widgetIndex).toBe(2);
+		expect(metaB.widgetIndex).toBe(62);
+	});
+});

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/DashboardPageToolbar/index.tsx

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import { toast } from '@signozhq/ui/sonner';
 import logEvent from 'api/common/logEvent';
 import {
 	lockDashboardV2,
-	patchDashboardV2,
 	unlockDashboardV2,
 } from 'api/generated/services/dashboard';
 import type {
@@ -18,6 +17,7 @@ import { useErrorModal } from 'providers/ErrorModalProvider';
 import APIError from 'types/api/error';
 
 import { useCreatePanel } from '../hooks/useCreatePanel';
+import { useOptimisticPatch } from '../hooks/useOptimisticPatch';
 import PanelTypeSelectionModal from '../PanelsAndSectionsLayout/Panel/PanelTypeSelectionModal/PanelTypeSelectionModal';
 import DashboardActions from './DashboardActions/DashboardActions';
 import DashboardInfo from './DashboardInfo/DashboardInfo';
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ function DashboardPageToolbar(props: DashboardPageToolbarProps): JSX.Element {
 
 	const { user } = useAppContext();
 	const { showErrorModal } = useErrorModal();
+	const { patchAsync } = useOptimisticPatch();
 	const { isPickerOpen, openPicker, closePicker, createPanel } =
 		useCreatePanel();
 
@@ -88,14 +89,13 @@ function DashboardPageToolbar(props: DashboardPageToolbarProps): JSX.Element {
 						value: next,
 					},
 				];
-				await patchDashboardV2({ id }, patch);
+				await patchAsync(patch);
 				toast.success('Dashboard renamed successfully');
-				refetch();
 			} catch (error) {
 				showErrorModal(error as APIError);
 			}
 		},
-		[id, refetch, showErrorModal],
+		[id, patchAsync, showErrorModal],
 	);
 
 	const { isEditing, draft, setDraft, startEdit, cancel, commit } =

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/DashboardSettings/Overview/index.tsx

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
-import { patchDashboardV2 } from 'api/generated/services/dashboard';
 import type {
 	DashboardtypesGettableDashboardV2DTO,
 	DashboardtypesJSONPatchOperationDTO,
@@ -9,7 +8,7 @@ import { isEqual } from 'lodash-es';
 import { useErrorModal } from 'providers/ErrorModalProvider';
 import APIError from 'types/api/error';
 
-import { useDashboardStore } from '../../store/useDashboardStore';
+import { useOptimisticPatch } from '../../hooks/useOptimisticPatch';
 import CrossPanelSync from './CrossPanelSync/CrossPanelSync';
 import DashboardInfoForm from './DashboardInfoForm/DashboardInfoForm';
 import UnsavedChangesFooter from './UnsavedChangesFooter/UnsavedChangesFooter';
@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@ interface OverviewProps {
 function Overview({ dashboard }: OverviewProps): JSX.Element {
 	const id = dashboard.id;
 
-	const refetch = useDashboardStore((s) => s.refetch);
+	const { patchAsync } = useOptimisticPatch();
 
 	const title = dashboard.spec.display.name;
 	const description = dashboard.spec.display.description ?? '';
@@ -96,15 +95,14 @@ function Overview({ dashboard }: OverviewProps): JSX.Element {
 
 		try {
 			setIsSaving(true);
-			await patchDashboardV2({ id }, ops);
+			await patchAsync(ops);
 			toast.success('Dashboard updated');
-			refetch();
 		} catch (error) {
 			showErrorModal(error as APIError);
 		} finally {
 			setIsSaving(false);
 		}
-	}, [id, buildPatch, refetch, showErrorModal]);
+	}, [buildPatch, patchAsync, showErrorModal]);
 
 	useEffect(() => {
 		let numberOfUnsavedChanges = 0;

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/DashboardSettings/Variables/useSaveVariables.ts

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import { useCallback, useState } from 'react';
-import { patchDashboardV2 } from 'api/generated/services/dashboard';
 import { toast } from '@signozhq/ui/sonner';
 import { useErrorModal } from 'providers/ErrorModalProvider';
 import APIError from 'types/api/error';
 
+import { useOptimisticPatch } from '../../hooks/useOptimisticPatch';
 import { useDashboardStore } from '../../store/useDashboardStore';
 import { formModelToDto } from './variableAdapters';
 import type { VariableFormModel } from './variableFormModel';
@@ -14,14 +14,9 @@ interface UseSaveVariables {
 	isSaving: boolean;
 }
 
-/**
- * Persists the dashboard's variable list via a single `/spec/variables` patch,
- * then refetches. Mirrors the General-settings save flow (patch → toast →
- * refetch → surface errors).
- */
 export function useSaveVariables(): UseSaveVariables {
 	const dashboardId = useDashboardStore((s) => s.dashboardId);
-	const refetch = useDashboardStore((s) => s.refetch);
+	const { patchAsync } = useOptimisticPatch();
 	const { showErrorModal } = useErrorModal();
 	const [isSaving, setIsSaving] = useState(false);
 
@@ -33,9 +28,8 @@ export function useSaveVariables(): UseSaveVariables {
 			const dtos = variables.map(formModelToDto);
 			try {
 				setIsSaving(true);
-				await patchDashboardV2({ id: dashboardId }, buildVariablesPatch(dtos));
+				await patchAsync(buildVariablesPatch(dtos));
 				toast.success('Variables updated');
-				refetch();
 				return true;
 			} catch (error) {
 				showErrorModal(error as APIError);
@@ -44,7 +38,7 @@ export function useSaveVariables(): UseSaveVariables {
 				setIsSaving(false);
 			}
 		},
-		[dashboardId, refetch, showErrorModal],
+		[dashboardId, patchAsync, showErrorModal],
 	);
 
 	return { save, isSaving };

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/PanelEditor/ConfigPane/ConfigPane.tsx

@@ -40,6 +40,8 @@ interface ConfigPaneProps {
 	 */
 	panel: DashboardtypesPanelDTO;
 	panelId: string;
+	/** Unit the selected metric was sent with; drives the unit selector's mismatch warning. */
+	metricUnit?: string;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -58,6 +60,7 @@ function ConfigPane({
 	stepInterval,
 	panel,
 	panelId,
+	metricUnit,
 }: ConfigPaneProps): JSX.Element {
 	const panelKind = spec.plugin.kind;
 	const definition = getPanelDefinition(panelKind);
@@ -118,6 +121,7 @@ function ConfigPane({
 									onChangePanelKind={onChangePanelKind}
 									queryType={queryType}
 									stepInterval={stepInterval}
+									metricUnit={metricUnit}
 								/>
 							))}
 						</div>

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/PanelEditor/ConfigPane/SectionSlot/SectionSlot.tsx

@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ function SectionSlot({
 	onChangePanelKind,
 	queryType,
 	stepInterval,
+	metricUnit,
 }: SectionSlotProps): JSX.Element | null {
 	// A kind can hide a section based on current spec state (e.g. Histogram legend once
 	// queries are merged) — skip it before resolving the editor.
@@ -74,6 +75,7 @@ function SectionSlot({
 				onChangePanelKind={onChangePanelKind}
 				queryType={queryType}
 				stepInterval={stepInterval}
+				metricUnit={metricUnit}
 			/>
 		</SettingsSection>
 	);

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/PanelEditor/ConfigPane/sectionContext.ts

@@ -19,4 +19,6 @@ export interface SectionEditorContext {
 	yAxisUnit?: string;
 	queryType?: EQueryType;
 	stepInterval?: number;
+	/** Unit the selected metric was sent with; drives the unit selector's mismatch warning. */
+	metricUnit?: string;
 }

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/PanelEditor/ConfigPane/sections/ChartAppearanceSection/DisconnectValuesField.tsx

@@ -46,11 +46,10 @@ function DisconnectValuesField({
 	onChange,
 }: DisconnectValuesFieldProps): JSX.Element {
 	const duration = value?.fillLessThan || undefined;
-	const isThreshold = !!duration;
-	// Remember the last threshold so toggling Never → Threshold restores it.
-	const [lastDuration, setLastDuration] = useState(
-		duration ?? defaultDuration(stepInterval),
-	);
+	// `fillOnlyBelow` is authoritative; fall back to a stored duration for legacy panels.
+	const isThreshold = value?.fillOnlyBelow ?? !!duration;
+	// Remember the last committed threshold so Never → Threshold restores it.
+	const [lastDuration, setLastDuration] = useState<string | undefined>(duration);
 
 	useEffect(() => {
 		if (duration) {
@@ -59,11 +58,17 @@ function DisconnectValuesField({
 	}, [duration]);
 
 	const handleMode = (mode: DisconnectValuesMode): void => {
-		onChange(
-			mode === DisconnectValuesMode.THRESHOLD
-				? { ...value, fillLessThan: lastDuration }
-				: undefined,
-		);
+		if (mode === DisconnectValuesMode.THRESHOLD) {
+			onChange({
+				...value,
+				fillOnlyBelow: true,
+				// Seed from the live stepInterval (async — undefined until results load), not mount.
+				fillLessThan: lastDuration ?? defaultDuration(stepInterval),
+			});
+			return;
+		}
+		// Never spans every gap; drop the duration so the renderer reads a clean "span all".
+		onChange({ ...value, fillOnlyBelow: false, fillLessThan: undefined });
 	};
 
 	return (
@@ -79,14 +84,16 @@ function DisconnectValuesField({
 					onChange={handleMode}
 				/>
 			</div>
-			{isThreshold && (
+			{isThreshold && duration && (
 				<div className={styles.field}>
 					<Typography.Text>Threshold value</Typography.Text>
 					<DisconnectValuesThresholdInput
 						testId={`${testId}-value`}
-						value={lastDuration}
+						value={duration}
 						minValue={stepInterval}
-						onChange={(next): void => onChange({ ...value, fillLessThan: next })}
+						onChange={(next): void =>
+							onChange({ ...value, fillOnlyBelow: true, fillLessThan: next })
+						}
 					/>
 				</div>
 			)}

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/PanelEditor/ConfigPane/sections/ChartAppearanceSection/DisconnectValuesThresholdInput.tsx

@@ -14,6 +14,28 @@ interface DisconnectValuesThresholdInputProps {
 	onChange: (duration: string) => void;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Inline error for a raw duration, or `null` when valid and in range. The parse is
+ * guarded: `isValidTimeSpan` passes some strings `intervalToSeconds` throws on (e.g. "5x").
+ */
+function validationError(raw: string, minValue?: number): string | null {
+	let seconds: number;
+	try {
+		seconds = rangeUtil.isValidTimeSpan(raw)
+			? rangeUtil.intervalToSeconds(raw)
+			: NaN;
+	} catch {
+		seconds = NaN;
+	}
+	if (!Number.isFinite(seconds) || seconds <= 0) {
+		return 'Enter a valid duration (e.g. 30s, 1m, 1h)';
+	}
+	if (minValue !== undefined && seconds < minValue) {
+		return `Threshold should be > ${rangeUtil.secondsToHms(minValue)}`;
+	}
+	return null;
+}
+
 /**
  * Duration input for the span-gaps threshold: shows/accepts and reports a human
  * duration ("30s", "1m", "1h"), which is the value stored verbatim in
@@ -36,24 +58,21 @@ function DisconnectValuesThresholdInput({
 		setError(null);
 	}, [value]);
 
+	// Validate live so an invalid entry surfaces immediately, not only on blur.
+	const handleText = (raw: string): void => {
+		setText(raw);
+		setError(raw ? validationError(raw, minValue) : null);
+	};
+
 	const commit = (raw: string): void => {
-		if (!raw) {
+		// Skip no-op commits: blur fires when clicking the Never toggle, and re-emitting
+		// the unchanged value there would race the toggle and snap back to Threshold.
+		if (!raw || raw === value) {
 			return;
 		}
-		let seconds: number;
-		try {
-			seconds = rangeUtil.isValidTimeSpan(raw)
-				? rangeUtil.intervalToSeconds(raw)
-				: NaN;
-		} catch {
-			seconds = NaN;
-		}
-		if (!Number.isFinite(seconds) || seconds <= 0) {
-			setError('Enter a valid duration (e.g. 30s, 1m, 1h)');
-			return;
-		}
-		if (minValue !== undefined && seconds < minValue) {
-			setError(`Threshold should be > ${rangeUtil.secondsToHms(minValue)}`);
+		const message = validationError(raw, minValue);
+		if (message) {
+			setError(message);
 			return;
 		}
 		setError(null);
@@ -69,12 +88,9 @@ function DisconnectValuesThresholdInput({
 				status={error ? 'error' : undefined}
 				prefix={<span className={styles.thresholdPrefix}>&gt;</span>}
 				value={text}
-				onChange={(e: ChangeEvent<HTMLInputElement>): void => {
-					setText(e.target.value);
-					if (error) {
-						setError(null);
-					}
-				}}
+				onChange={(e: ChangeEvent<HTMLInputElement>): void =>
+					handleText(e.target.value)
+				}
 				onBlur={(e): void => commit(e.currentTarget.value)}
 				onKeyDown={(e): void => {
 					if (e.key === 'Enter') {

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/PanelEditor/ConfigPane/sections/ChartAppearanceSection/__tests__/ChartAppearanceSection.test.tsx

@@ -1,9 +1,34 @@
+import { useState } from 'react';
 import { render, screen } from '@testing-library/react';
 import userEvent from '@testing-library/user-event';
-import { DashboardtypesLineStyleDTO } from 'api/generated/services/sigNoz.schemas';
+import {
+	DashboardtypesLineStyleDTO,
+	type DashboardtypesTimeSeriesChartAppearanceDTO,
+} from 'api/generated/services/sigNoz.schemas';
 
 import ChartAppearanceSection from '../ChartAppearanceSection';
 
+/** Stateful wrapper that feeds onChange back as the spec, mirroring the real editor. */
+function StatefulSpanGaps({
+	initial,
+	stepInterval,
+}: {
+	initial?: DashboardtypesTimeSeriesChartAppearanceDTO;
+	stepInterval?: number;
+}): JSX.Element {
+	const [value, setValue] = useState<
+		DashboardtypesTimeSeriesChartAppearanceDTO | undefined
+	>(initial);
+	return (
+		<ChartAppearanceSection
+			value={value}
+			controls={{ spanGaps: true }}
+			stepInterval={stepInterval}
+			onChange={setValue}
+		/>
+	);
+}
+
 // Open the antd Select by clicking its selector, then pick the option by label. The
 // line-style and fill-mode controls are ConfigSegmented (buttons), so this helper is
 // only used for the line-interpolation ConfigSelect.
@@ -139,7 +164,7 @@ describe('ChartAppearanceSection', () => {
 		await user.click(screen.getByText('Threshold'));
 
 		expect(onChange).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith({
-			spanGaps: { fillLessThan: '1m' },
+			spanGaps: { fillOnlyBelow: true, fillLessThan: '1m' },
 		});
 	});
 
@@ -162,7 +187,7 @@ describe('ChartAppearanceSection', () => {
 		await user.tab();
 
 		expect(onChange).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith({
-			spanGaps: { fillLessThan: '5m' },
+			spanGaps: { fillOnlyBelow: true, fillLessThan: '5m' },
 		});
 	});
 
@@ -183,7 +208,7 @@ describe('ChartAppearanceSection', () => {
 		await user.tab();
 
 		expect(onChange).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith({
-			spanGaps: { fillLessThan: '300' },
+			spanGaps: { fillOnlyBelow: true, fillLessThan: '300' },
 		});
 	});
 
@@ -200,7 +225,24 @@ describe('ChartAppearanceSection', () => {
 
 		await user.click(screen.getByText('Never'));
 
-		expect(onChange).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith({ spanGaps: undefined });
+		expect(onChange).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith({
+			spanGaps: { fillOnlyBelow: false, fillLessThan: undefined },
+		});
+	});
+
+	it('selects Never when fillOnlyBelow is false even if a duration lingers', () => {
+		render(
+			<ChartAppearanceSection
+				value={{ spanGaps: { fillOnlyBelow: false, fillLessThan: '1m' } }}
+				controls={{ spanGaps: true }}
+				onChange={jest.fn()}
+			/>,
+		);
+
+		// The flag is authoritative: a stale fillLessThan must not show Threshold.
+		expect(
+			screen.queryByTestId('panel-editor-v2-span-gaps-value'),
+		).not.toBeInTheDocument();
 	});
 
 	it('shows an error and does not commit an invalid duration', async () => {
@@ -244,4 +286,117 @@ describe('ChartAppearanceSection', () => {
 		expect(screen.getByText(/Threshold should be >/)).toBeInTheDocument();
 		expect(onChange).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
 	});
+
+	it('seeds the threshold from the step interval when switching to Threshold', async () => {
+		const user = userEvent.setup();
+		const onChange = jest.fn();
+		render(
+			<ChartAppearanceSection
+				value={undefined}
+				controls={{ spanGaps: true }}
+				stepInterval={300}
+				onChange={onChange}
+			/>,
+		);
+
+		await user.click(screen.getByText('Threshold'));
+
+		expect(onChange).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith({
+			spanGaps: { fillOnlyBelow: true, fillLessThan: '5m' },
+		});
+	});
+
+	it('seeds from the step interval even when it arrives after mount', async () => {
+		const user = userEvent.setup();
+		const onChange = jest.fn();
+		// The step interval is undefined until the query response carries step metadata,
+		// so the panel first renders without it and receives it on a later render.
+		const { rerender } = render(
+			<ChartAppearanceSection
+				value={undefined}
+				controls={{ spanGaps: true }}
+				onChange={onChange}
+			/>,
+		);
+		rerender(
+			<ChartAppearanceSection
+				value={undefined}
+				controls={{ spanGaps: true }}
+				stepInterval={300}
+				onChange={onChange}
+			/>,
+		);
+
+		await user.click(screen.getByText('Threshold'));
+
+		// Regression: a value seeded at mount would still be the 1m fallback.
+		expect(onChange).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith({
+			spanGaps: { fillOnlyBelow: true, fillLessThan: '5m' },
+		});
+	});
+
+	it('shows a validation error while typing, before blur', async () => {
+		const user = userEvent.setup();
+		render(
+			<ChartAppearanceSection
+				value={{ spanGaps: { fillLessThan: '1m' } }}
+				controls={{ spanGaps: true }}
+				onChange={jest.fn()}
+			/>,
+		);
+
+		const input = screen.getByTestId('panel-editor-v2-span-gaps-value');
+		await user.clear(input);
+		await user.type(input, 'abc');
+		// No blur / Enter — the error must already be visible.
+
+		expect(screen.getByText(/valid duration/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
+	});
+
+	it('does not re-commit the threshold when blurred without a change', async () => {
+		const user = userEvent.setup();
+		const onChange = jest.fn();
+		render(
+			<ChartAppearanceSection
+				value={{ spanGaps: { fillLessThan: '1m' } }}
+				controls={{ spanGaps: true }}
+				onChange={onChange}
+			/>,
+		);
+
+		const input = screen.getByTestId('panel-editor-v2-span-gaps-value');
+		await user.click(input);
+		await user.tab();
+
+		expect(onChange).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+	});
+
+	it('fully switches from Threshold to Never (the input disappears)', async () => {
+		const user = userEvent.setup();
+		render(<StatefulSpanGaps initial={{ spanGaps: { fillLessThan: '1m' } }} />);
+
+		expect(
+			screen.getByTestId('panel-editor-v2-span-gaps-value'),
+		).toBeInTheDocument();
+
+		// Focus the input first so clicking Never also fires its blur (the toggle race).
+		await user.click(screen.getByTestId('panel-editor-v2-span-gaps-value'));
+		await user.click(screen.getByText('Never'));
+
+		expect(
+			screen.queryByTestId('panel-editor-v2-span-gaps-value'),
+		).not.toBeInTheDocument();
+	});
+
+	it('remembers the last threshold when toggling Never → Threshold', async () => {
+		const user = userEvent.setup();
+		render(<StatefulSpanGaps initial={{ spanGaps: { fillLessThan: '5m' } }} />);
+
+		await user.click(screen.getByText('Never'));
+		await user.click(screen.getByText('Threshold'));
+
+		expect(screen.getByTestId('panel-editor-v2-span-gaps-value')).toHaveValue(
+			'5m',
+		);
+	});
 });

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/PanelEditor/ConfigPane/sections/FormattingSection/FormattingSection.tsx

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import ColumnUnits from './ColumnUnits';
 import styles from './FormattingSection.module.scss';
 
 type FormattingSectionProps = SectionEditorProps<SectionKind.Formatting> &
-	Pick<SectionEditorContext, 'tableColumns'>;
+	Pick<SectionEditorContext, 'tableColumns' | 'metricUnit'>;
 
 // `full` means "show the raw value, no rounding"; the digits round to that many places.
 const DECIMAL_OPTIONS: {
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ function FormattingSection({
 	controls,
 	onChange,
 	tableColumns = [],
+	metricUnit,
 }: FormattingSectionProps): JSX.Element {
 	return (
 		<>
@@ -50,6 +51,7 @@ function FormattingSection({
 						data-testid="panel-editor-v2-unit"
 						source={YAxisSource.DASHBOARDS}
 						value={value?.unit}
+						initialValue={metricUnit}
 						onChange={(unit): void => onChange({ ...value, unit })}
 					/>
 				</div>

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/PanelEditor/ConfigPane/sections/FormattingSection/__tests__/FormattingSection.test.tsx

@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ import userEvent from '@testing-library/user-event';
 
 import FormattingSection from '../FormattingSection';
 
+// Auto-seeding is covered by useMetricYAxisUnit's tests; here `metricUnit` is just a prop.
+
 // Open the Decimals select (clicking its antd selector) and pick the option with the
 // given visible label.
 async function pickDecimal(label: string): Promise<void> {
@@ -71,4 +73,31 @@ describe('FormattingSection', () => {
 			decimalPrecision: '2',
 		});
 	});
+
+	it('warns when the selected unit mismatches the metric unit', () => {
+		// metric sent in seconds, but bytes is selected.
+		render(
+			<FormattingSection
+				value={{ unit: 'By' }}
+				controls={{ unit: true }}
+				metricUnit="s"
+				onChange={jest.fn()}
+			/>,
+		);
+
+		expect(screen.getByLabelText('warning')).toBeInTheDocument();
+	});
+
+	it('shows no warning when the selected unit matches the metric unit', () => {
+		render(
+			<FormattingSection
+				value={{ unit: 's' }}
+				controls={{ unit: true }}
+				metricUnit="s"
+				onChange={jest.fn()}
+			/>,
+		);
+
+		expect(screen.queryByLabelText('warning')).not.toBeInTheDocument();
+	});
 });

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/PanelEditor/ConfigPane/sections/ThresholdsSection/ThresholdsSection.tsx

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { useState } from 'react';
+import { useRef, useState } from 'react';
 import { Plus } from '@signozhq/icons';
 import { Button } from '@signozhq/ui/button';
 import {
@@ -82,6 +82,15 @@ function ThresholdsSection({
 	// Which row is being edited, and whether it was just added (so Discard removes it).
 	const [editingIndex, setEditingIndex] = useState<number | null>(null);
 	const [unsavedIndex, setUnsavedIndex] = useState<number | null>(null);
+	// The saved threshold captured on edit entry, restored if the edit is discarded
+	// (edits stream into the spec live, so Discard can't just drop a local draft).
+	const editSnapshot = useRef<AnyThreshold | null>(null);
+
+	const updateAt =
+		(index: number) =>
+		(next: AnyThreshold): void => {
+			onChange(thresholds.map((t, i) => (i === index ? next : t)));
+		};
 
 	const addThreshold = (): void => {
 		const nextIndex = thresholds.length;
@@ -90,6 +99,11 @@ function ThresholdsSection({
 		setUnsavedIndex(nextIndex);
 	};
 
+	const beginEdit = (index: number): void => {
+		editSnapshot.current = thresholds[index] ?? null;
+		setEditingIndex(index);
+	};
+
 	const saveAt =
 		(index: number) =>
 		(next: AnyThreshold): void => {
@@ -105,11 +119,15 @@ function ThresholdsSection({
 	};
 
 	const discardAt = (index: number) => (): void => {
-		// Discarding a row that was never saved removes it; otherwise just exit edit.
+		// A never-saved row is removed; otherwise revert the live edits to the snapshot.
 		if (index === unsavedIndex) {
 			removeAt(index);
 			return;
 		}
+		const original = editSnapshot.current;
+		if (original) {
+			onChange(thresholds.map((t, i) => (i === index ? original : t)));
+		}
 		setEditingIndex(null);
 	};
 
@@ -120,8 +138,9 @@ function ThresholdsSection({
 			index,
 			yAxisUnit,
 			isEditing: editingIndex === index,
-			onEdit: (): void => setEditingIndex(index),
+			onEdit: (): void => beginEdit(index),
 			onSave: saveAt(index),
+			onLiveChange: updateAt(index),
 			onDiscard: discardAt(index),
 			onRemove: (): void => removeAt(index),
 		};

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/PanelEditor/ConfigPane/sections/ThresholdsSection/__tests__/ThresholdsSection.comparison.test.tsx

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import {
 	DashboardtypesThresholdFormatDTO,
 } from 'api/generated/services/sigNoz.schemas';
 import type { AnyThreshold } from 'pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/Panels/types/sections';
-import { render, screen, userEvent } from 'tests/test-utils';
+import { render, screen, userEvent, waitFor } from 'tests/test-utils';
 
 import UnifiedThresholdsSection from '../ThresholdsSection';
 
@@ -36,9 +36,16 @@ const THRESHOLDS: DashboardtypesComparisonThresholdDTO[] = [
 	},
 ];
 
-// Stateful harness for flows that depend on the value updating (add/discard).
-function Harness({ yAxisUnit }: { yAxisUnit?: string }): JSX.Element {
-	const [value, setValue] = useState<DashboardtypesComparisonThresholdDTO[]>([]);
+// Stateful harness for flows that depend on the value updating (add/discard/live).
+function Harness({
+	yAxisUnit,
+	initial = [],
+}: {
+	yAxisUnit?: string;
+	initial?: DashboardtypesComparisonThresholdDTO[];
+}): JSX.Element {
+	const [value, setValue] =
+		useState<DashboardtypesComparisonThresholdDTO[]>(initial);
 	return (
 		<ComparisonThresholdsSection
 			value={value}
@@ -142,24 +149,46 @@ describe('ComparisonThresholdsSection', () => {
 		expect(valueInput).toHaveValue(5);
 	});
 
-	it('does not commit edits when Discard is clicked', async () => {
+	it('reflects edits live (before Save) so the preview can react', async () => {
 		const user = userEvent.setup();
 		const onChange = jest.fn();
 		render(
 			<ComparisonThresholdsSection value={THRESHOLDS} onChange={onChange} />,
 		);
 
+		await user.click(screen.getByTestId('comparison-threshold-edit-0'));
+		await user.clear(screen.getByTestId('comparison-threshold-value-0'));
+		await user.type(screen.getByTestId('comparison-threshold-value-0'), '90');
+
+		// No Save click — the latest edit is pushed up (debounced) for the preview.
+		await waitFor(() =>
+			expect(onChange).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith([
+				{
+					value: 90,
+					color: '#F5B225',
+					operator: DashboardtypesComparisonOperatorDTO.above,
+					unit: 'percent',
+					format: DashboardtypesThresholdFormatDTO.background,
+				},
+			]),
+		);
+	});
+
+	it('reverts the live edits to the saved value on Discard', async () => {
+		const user = userEvent.setup();
+		render(<Harness initial={THRESHOLDS} />);
+
 		await user.click(screen.getByTestId('comparison-threshold-edit-0'));
 		await user.clear(screen.getByTestId('comparison-threshold-value-0'));
 		await user.type(screen.getByTestId('comparison-threshold-value-0'), '90');
 		await user.click(screen.getByTestId('comparison-threshold-discard-0'));
 
-		expect(onChange).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-		// Back to view mode.
+		// Back to view mode, and re-opening shows the rolled-back 80, not 90.
 		expect(
 			screen.queryByTestId('comparison-threshold-value-0'),
 		).not.toBeInTheDocument();
-		expect(screen.getByTestId('comparison-threshold-edit-0')).toBeInTheDocument();
+		await user.click(screen.getByTestId('comparison-threshold-edit-0'));
+		expect(screen.getByTestId('comparison-threshold-value-0')).toHaveValue(80);
 	});
 
 	it('removes a threshold from view mode', async () => {

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/PanelEditor/ConfigPane/sections/ThresholdsSection/__tests__/ThresholdsSection.test.tsx

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { useState } from 'react';
-import { fireEvent, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react';
+import { render, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react';
 import userEvent from '@testing-library/user-event';
 import type { DashboardtypesThresholdWithLabelDTO } from 'api/generated/services/sigNoz.schemas';
 import type { AnyThreshold } from 'pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/Panels/types/sections';
@@ -10,10 +10,16 @@ const THRESHOLDS: DashboardtypesThresholdWithLabelDTO[] = [
 	{ value: 80, color: '#F5B225', label: 'High', unit: 'percent' },
 ];
 
-// Stateful harness for flows that depend on the value updating (add/discard);
+// Stateful harness for flows that depend on the value updating (add/discard/live);
 // omits `controls` to exercise the default `label` variant.
-function Harness({ yAxisUnit }: { yAxisUnit?: string }): JSX.Element {
-	const [value, setValue] = useState<AnyThreshold[]>([]);
+function Harness({
+	yAxisUnit,
+	initial = [],
+}: {
+	yAxisUnit?: string;
+	initial?: AnyThreshold[];
+}): JSX.Element {
+	const [value, setValue] = useState<AnyThreshold[]>(initial);
 	return (
 		<ThresholdsSection value={value} onChange={setValue} yAxisUnit={yAxisUnit} />
 	);
@@ -37,19 +43,20 @@ describe('ThresholdsSection', () => {
 		expect(screen.queryByTestId('threshold-value-0')).not.toBeInTheDocument();
 	});
 
-	it('edits a threshold value and commits it on Save', () => {
+	it('edits a threshold value and commits it on Save', async () => {
+		const user = userEvent.setup();
 		const onChange = jest.fn();
 		render(<ThresholdsSection value={THRESHOLDS} onChange={onChange} />);
 
-		fireEvent.click(screen.getByTestId('threshold-edit-0'));
-		expect(screen.getByTestId('threshold-value-0')).toHaveValue(80);
+		await user.click(screen.getByTestId('threshold-edit-0'));
+		const valueInput = screen.getByTestId('threshold-value-0');
+		expect(valueInput).toHaveValue(80);
 
-		fireEvent.change(screen.getByTestId('threshold-value-0'), {
-			target: { value: '90' },
-		});
-		fireEvent.click(screen.getByTestId('threshold-save-0'));
+		await user.clear(valueInput);
+		await user.type(valueInput, '90');
+		await user.click(screen.getByTestId('threshold-save-0'));
 
-		expect(onChange).toHaveBeenCalledWith([
+		expect(onChange).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith([
 			{ value: 90, color: '#F5B225', label: 'High', unit: 'percent' },
 		]);
 	});
@@ -70,43 +77,63 @@ describe('ThresholdsSection', () => {
 		]);
 	});
 
-	it('does not commit edits when Discard is clicked', () => {
+	it('reflects edits live (before Save) so the preview can react', async () => {
+		const user = userEvent.setup();
 		const onChange = jest.fn();
 		render(<ThresholdsSection value={THRESHOLDS} onChange={onChange} />);
 
-		fireEvent.click(screen.getByTestId('threshold-edit-0'));
-		fireEvent.change(screen.getByTestId('threshold-value-0'), {
-			target: { value: '90' },
-		});
-		fireEvent.click(screen.getByTestId('threshold-discard-0'));
+		await user.click(screen.getByTestId('threshold-edit-0'));
+		await user.clear(screen.getByTestId('threshold-value-0'));
+		await user.type(screen.getByTestId('threshold-value-0'), '90');
 
-		expect(onChange).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-		expect(screen.queryByTestId('threshold-value-0')).not.toBeInTheDocument();
-		expect(screen.getByTestId('threshold-edit-0')).toBeInTheDocument();
+		// No Save click — the edit is pushed up (debounced) for the preview to render.
+		await waitFor(() =>
+			expect(onChange).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith([
+				{ value: 90, color: '#F5B225', label: 'High', unit: 'percent' },
+			]),
+		);
 	});
 
-	it('removes a threshold from view mode', () => {
+	it('reverts the live edits to the saved value on Discard', async () => {
+		const user = userEvent.setup();
+		render(<Harness initial={THRESHOLDS} />);
+
+		await user.click(screen.getByTestId('threshold-edit-0'));
+		await user.clear(screen.getByTestId('threshold-value-0'));
+		await user.type(screen.getByTestId('threshold-value-0'), '90');
+		await user.click(screen.getByTestId('threshold-discard-0'));
+
+		// Back to view mode, and re-opening shows the rolled-back 80, not 90.
+		expect(screen.queryByTestId('threshold-value-0')).not.toBeInTheDocument();
+		await user.click(screen.getByTestId('threshold-edit-0'));
+		expect(screen.getByTestId('threshold-value-0')).toHaveValue(80);
+	});
+
+	it('removes a threshold from view mode', async () => {
+		const user = userEvent.setup();
 		const onChange = jest.fn();
 		render(<ThresholdsSection value={THRESHOLDS} onChange={onChange} />);
 
-		fireEvent.click(screen.getByTestId('threshold-remove-0'));
+		await user.click(screen.getByTestId('threshold-remove-0'));
 
 		expect(onChange).toHaveBeenCalledWith([]);
 	});
 
-	it('adds a threshold that opens in edit mode, and discards it away', () => {
+	it('adds a threshold that opens in edit mode, and discards it away', async () => {
+		const user = userEvent.setup();
 		render(<Harness />);
 
-		fireEvent.click(screen.getByTestId('panel-editor-v2-add-threshold'));
+		await user.click(screen.getByTestId('panel-editor-v2-add-threshold'));
 		expect(screen.getByTestId('threshold-value-0')).toBeInTheDocument();
 
 		// Discarding a never-saved row removes it entirely.
-		fireEvent.click(screen.getByTestId('threshold-discard-0'));
+		await user.click(screen.getByTestId('threshold-discard-0'));
 		expect(screen.queryByTestId('threshold-value-0')).not.toBeInTheDocument();
 		expect(screen.queryByTestId('threshold-edit-0')).not.toBeInTheDocument();
 	});
 
-	it('flags a threshold unit in a different category than the y-axis unit', () => {
+	it('flags a threshold unit in a different category than the y-axis unit', async () => {
+		const user = userEvent.setup();
 		render(
 			<ThresholdsSection
 				value={[{ value: 80, color: '#F5B225', label: '', unit: 'ms' }]}
@@ -115,11 +142,12 @@ describe('ThresholdsSection', () => {
 			/>,
 		);
 
-		fireEvent.click(screen.getByTestId('threshold-edit-0'));
+		await user.click(screen.getByTestId('threshold-edit-0'));
 		expect(screen.getByTestId('threshold-unit-invalid-0')).toBeInTheDocument();
 	});
 
-	it('does not flag a threshold unit in the same category as the y-axis unit', () => {
+	it('does not flag a threshold unit in the same category as the y-axis unit', async () => {
+		const user = userEvent.setup();
 		render(
 			<ThresholdsSection
 				value={[{ value: 80, color: '#F5B225', label: '', unit: 'ms' }]}
@@ -128,7 +156,7 @@ describe('ThresholdsSection', () => {
 			/>,
 		);
 
-		fireEvent.click(screen.getByTestId('threshold-edit-0'));
+		await user.click(screen.getByTestId('threshold-edit-0'));
 		expect(
 			screen.queryByTestId('threshold-unit-invalid-0'),
 		).not.toBeInTheDocument();

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/PanelEditor/ConfigPane/sections/ThresholdsSection/rows/ComparisonThresholdRow.tsx

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ interface ComparisonThresholdRowProps {
 	isEditing: boolean;
 	onEdit: () => void;
 	onSave: (next: DashboardtypesComparisonThresholdDTO) => void;
+	onLiveChange: (next: DashboardtypesComparisonThresholdDTO) => void;
 	onDiscard: () => void;
 	onRemove: () => void;
 }
@@ -42,10 +43,15 @@ function ComparisonThresholdRow({
 	isEditing,
 	onEdit,
 	onSave,
+	onLiveChange,
 	onDiscard,
 	onRemove,
 }: ComparisonThresholdRowProps): JSX.Element {
-	const { draft, setDraft, setValue } = useThresholdDraft(threshold, isEditing);
+	const { draft, setDraft, setValue } = useThresholdDraft(
+		threshold,
+		isEditing,
+		onLiveChange,
+	);
 
 	const symbol = threshold.operator ? OPERATOR_SYMBOL[threshold.operator] : '';
 	const summary = (

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/PanelEditor/ConfigPane/sections/ThresholdsSection/rows/LabelThresholdRow.tsx

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ interface LabelThresholdRowProps {
 	isEditing: boolean;
 	onEdit: () => void;
 	onSave: (next: DashboardtypesThresholdWithLabelDTO) => void;
+	onLiveChange: (next: DashboardtypesThresholdWithLabelDTO) => void;
 	onDiscard: () => void;
 	onRemove: () => void;
 }
@@ -32,10 +33,15 @@ function LabelThresholdRow({
 	isEditing,
 	onEdit,
 	onSave,
+	onLiveChange,
 	onDiscard,
 	onRemove,
 }: LabelThresholdRowProps): JSX.Element {
-	const { draft, setDraft, setValue } = useThresholdDraft(threshold, isEditing);
+	const { draft, setDraft, setValue } = useThresholdDraft(
+		threshold,
+		isEditing,
+		onLiveChange,
+	);
 
 	// Persist an empty-string label when none was entered — the spec requires a string.
 	const handleSave = useCallback((): void => {

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/PanelEditor/ConfigPane/sections/ThresholdsSection/rows/TableThresholdRow.tsx

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ interface TableThresholdRowProps {
 	isEditing: boolean;
 	onEdit: () => void;
 	onSave: (next: DashboardtypesTableThresholdDTO) => void;
+	onLiveChange: (next: DashboardtypesTableThresholdDTO) => void;
 	onDiscard: () => void;
 	onRemove: () => void;
 }
@@ -45,10 +46,15 @@ function TableThresholdRow({
 	isEditing,
 	onEdit,
 	onSave,
+	onLiveChange,
 	onDiscard,
 	onRemove,
 }: TableThresholdRowProps): JSX.Element {
-	const { draft, setDraft, setValue } = useThresholdDraft(threshold, isEditing);
+	const { draft, setDraft, setValue } = useThresholdDraft(
+		threshold,
+		isEditing,
+		onLiveChange,
+	);
 
 	// Stored columnName is the query key; resolve its label + configured unit.
 	const columnUnit = tableColumns.find((c) => c.key === draft.columnName)?.unit;

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/PanelEditor/ConfigPane/sections/ThresholdsSection/rows/shared/useThresholdDraft.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { type Dispatch, type SetStateAction, useEffect, useState } from 'react';
+import useDebouncedFn from 'hooks/useDebouncedFunction';
 
 interface ThresholdDraft<T> {
 	draft: T;
@@ -7,17 +8,25 @@ interface ThresholdDraft<T> {
 	setValue: (raw: string) => void;
 }
 
+const LIVE_PREVIEW_DEBOUNCE_MS = 150;
+
 /**
  * Local draft for a threshold row, shared by every variant. Snapshots the saved
- * threshold on each entry into edit mode (so Discard simply drops the draft and the
- * next edit starts clean) and exposes the numeric `value` setter all variants use.
+ * threshold on each entry into edit mode and exposes the numeric `value` setter all
+ * variants use. `onLiveChange` mirrors the draft into the spec as the user edits, so the
+ * panel preview updates live (without Save); the section reverts it on Discard.
  */
 export function useThresholdDraft<T extends { value: number }>(
 	threshold: T,
 	isEditing: boolean,
+	onLiveChange?: (draft: T) => void,
 ): ThresholdDraft<T> {
 	const [draft, setDraft] = useState<T>(threshold);
 
+	const emitLiveChange = useDebouncedFn((next) => {
+		onLiveChange?.(next as T);
+	}, LIVE_PREVIEW_DEBOUNCE_MS);
+
 	useEffect(() => {
 		if (isEditing) {
 			setDraft(threshold);
@@ -25,6 +34,20 @@ export function useThresholdDraft<T extends { value: number }>(
 		// eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps -- snapshot only on edit entry
 	}, [isEditing]);
 
+	useEffect(() => {
+		if (isEditing) {
+			emitLiveChange(draft);
+		}
+		// eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps -- propagate on draft change only
+	}, [draft]);
+
+	useEffect(() => {
+		if (!isEditing) {
+			emitLiveChange.cancel();
+		}
+		return (): void => emitLiveChange.cancel();
+	}, [isEditing, emitLiveChange]);
+
 	const setValue = (raw: string): void => {
 		const next = Number(raw);
 		setDraft((d) => ({ ...d, value: Number.isNaN(next) ? d.value : next }));

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/PanelEditor/__tests__/getSwitchedPluginSpec.test.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 import {
-	TelemetrytypesSignalDTO,
+	DashboardtypesComparisonOperatorDTO,
 	type DashboardtypesPanelSpecDTO,
+	DashboardtypesThresholdFormatDTO,
+	TelemetrytypesSignalDTO,
 } from 'api/generated/services/sigNoz.schemas';
 import { getPanelDefinition } from 'pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/Panels/registry';
 
@@ -95,4 +97,141 @@ describe('getSwitchedPluginSpec', () => {
 
 		expect(result.legend?.position).toBe('bottom');
 	});
+
+	describe('thresholds', () => {
+		it('does not carry thresholds when the new kind has no thresholds section', () => {
+			mockGetPanelDefinition.mockReturnValue({ sections: [{ kind: 'columns' }] });
+			const old = specWith({
+				thresholds: [{ value: 80, color: '#F1575F', label: 'warn' }],
+			});
+
+			const result = getSwitchedPluginSpec(
+				old,
+				'signoz/ListPanel',
+				TelemetrytypesSignalDTO.logs,
+			);
+
+			expect(result.thresholds).toBeUndefined();
+		});
+
+		it('carries thresholds verbatim within the label variant (color/value/unit/label)', () => {
+			mockGetPanelDefinition.mockReturnValue({
+				sections: [{ kind: 'thresholds', controls: { variant: 'label' } }],
+			});
+			const old = specWith({
+				thresholds: [{ value: 80, color: '#F1575F', unit: 'ms', label: 'warn' }],
+			});
+
+			const result = getSwitchedPluginSpec(
+				old,
+				'signoz/BarChartPanel',
+				TelemetrytypesSignalDTO.logs,
+			);
+
+			expect(result.thresholds).toStrictEqual([
+				{ value: 80, color: '#F1575F', unit: 'ms', label: 'warn' },
+			]);
+		});
+
+		it('remaps label thresholds into the comparison variant, defaulting operator + format', () => {
+			mockGetPanelDefinition.mockReturnValue({
+				sections: [{ kind: 'thresholds', controls: { variant: 'comparison' } }],
+			});
+			const old = specWith({
+				thresholds: [{ value: 80, color: '#F1575F', label: 'warn' }],
+			});
+
+			const result = getSwitchedPluginSpec(
+				old,
+				'signoz/NumberPanel',
+				TelemetrytypesSignalDTO.logs,
+			);
+
+			// The label is dropped; operator/format are seeded so the threshold can match.
+			expect(result.thresholds).toStrictEqual([
+				{
+					value: 80,
+					color: '#F1575F',
+					operator: DashboardtypesComparisonOperatorDTO.above,
+					format: DashboardtypesThresholdFormatDTO.text,
+				},
+			]);
+		});
+
+		it('remaps comparison thresholds into the table variant, keeping operator/format and seeding a column', () => {
+			mockGetPanelDefinition.mockReturnValue({
+				sections: [{ kind: 'thresholds', controls: { variant: 'table' } }],
+			});
+			const old = specWith({
+				thresholds: [
+					{
+						value: 80,
+						color: '#F1575F',
+						operator: DashboardtypesComparisonOperatorDTO.below,
+						format: DashboardtypesThresholdFormatDTO.text,
+					},
+				],
+			});
+
+			const result = getSwitchedPluginSpec(
+				old,
+				'signoz/TablePanel',
+				TelemetrytypesSignalDTO.logs,
+			);
+
+			expect(result.thresholds).toStrictEqual([
+				{
+					value: 80,
+					color: '#F1575F',
+					operator: DashboardtypesComparisonOperatorDTO.below,
+					format: DashboardtypesThresholdFormatDTO.text,
+					columnName: '',
+				},
+			]);
+		});
+
+		it('drops the table-only columnName when remapping into the label variant', () => {
+			mockGetPanelDefinition.mockReturnValue({
+				sections: [{ kind: 'thresholds', controls: { variant: 'label' } }],
+			});
+			const old = specWith({
+				thresholds: [
+					{
+						value: 80,
+						color: '#F1575F',
+						operator: DashboardtypesComparisonOperatorDTO.above,
+						format: DashboardtypesThresholdFormatDTO.background,
+						columnName: 'p99',
+					},
+				],
+			});
+
+			const result = getSwitchedPluginSpec(
+				old,
+				'signoz/TimeSeriesPanel',
+				TelemetrytypesSignalDTO.logs,
+			);
+
+			expect(result.thresholds).toStrictEqual([{ value: 80, color: '#F1575F' }]);
+		});
+
+		it('defaults the variant to label when the thresholds section omits controls', () => {
+			mockGetPanelDefinition.mockReturnValue({
+				sections: [{ kind: 'thresholds', controls: {} }],
+			});
+			const old = specWith({
+				thresholds: [{ value: 80, color: '#F1575F', label: 'warn' }],
+			});
+
+			const result = getSwitchedPluginSpec(
+				old,
+				'signoz/TimeSeriesPanel',
+				TelemetrytypesSignalDTO.logs,
+			);
+
+			expect(result.thresholds).toStrictEqual([
+				{ value: 80, color: '#F1575F', label: 'warn' },
+			]);
+		});
+	});
 });

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/PanelEditor/getSwitchedPluginSpec.ts

@@ -1,13 +1,18 @@
-import type {
-	DashboardtypesPanelSpecDTO,
-	TelemetrytypesSignalDTO,
-	TelemetrytypesTelemetryFieldKeyDTO,
+import {
+	DashboardtypesComparisonOperatorDTO,
+	type DashboardtypesPanelSpecDTO,
+	DashboardtypesThresholdFormatDTO,
+	type TelemetrytypesSignalDTO,
+	type TelemetrytypesTelemetryFieldKeyDTO,
 } from 'api/generated/services/sigNoz.schemas';
 import { getPanelDefinition } from 'pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/Panels/registry';
 import type { PanelKind } from 'pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/Panels/types/panelKind';
 import {
-	SectionKind,
+	type AnyThreshold,
 	type PanelFormattingSlice,
+	type SectionConfig,
+	SectionKind,
+	type ThresholdVariant,
 } from 'pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/Panels/types/sections';
 import {
 	buildDefaultPluginSpec,
@@ -24,13 +29,73 @@ import { defaultColumnsForSignal } from './ListColumnsEditor/selectFields';
 export interface SwitchedPluginSpec extends DefaultPluginSpec {
 	formatting?: Pick<PanelFormattingSlice, 'unit' | 'decimalPrecision'>;
 	selectFields?: TelemetrytypesTelemetryFieldKeyDTO[];
+	thresholds?: AnyThreshold[];
+}
+
+/** Every field any threshold variant can hold; switching reads across shapes to remap. */
+interface AnyThresholdFields {
+	color: string;
+	value: number;
+	unit?: string;
+	operator?: DashboardtypesComparisonOperatorDTO;
+	format?: DashboardtypesThresholdFormatDTO;
+	columnName?: string;
+	label?: string;
+}
+
+/** The threshold variant a kind edits, or `undefined` when it has no Thresholds section. */
+function getThresholdVariant(
+	sections: SectionConfig[],
+): ThresholdVariant | undefined {
+	const section = sections.find(
+		(s): s is Extract<SectionConfig, { kind: SectionKind.Thresholds }> =>
+			s.kind === SectionKind.Thresholds,
+	);
+	return section ? (section.controls.variant ?? 'label') : undefined;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Remaps a threshold to the target kind's variant: keeps the shared core (color, value,
+ * unit) plus any cross-variant fields, and seeds the rest with the variant's defaults so
+ * the carried threshold stays functional (a comparison/table threshold needs an operator
+ * to match, a table threshold a column).
+ */
+function toThresholdVariant(
+	source: AnyThresholdFields,
+	variant: ThresholdVariant,
+): AnyThreshold {
+	const core = {
+		color: source.color,
+		value: source.value,
+		...(source.unit !== undefined && { unit: source.unit }),
+	};
+	if (variant === 'comparison') {
+		return {
+			...core,
+			operator: source.operator ?? DashboardtypesComparisonOperatorDTO.above,
+			format: source.format ?? DashboardtypesThresholdFormatDTO.text,
+		};
+	}
+	if (variant === 'table') {
+		return {
+			...core,
+			operator: source.operator ?? DashboardtypesComparisonOperatorDTO.above,
+			format: source.format ?? DashboardtypesThresholdFormatDTO.background,
+			columnName: source.columnName ?? '',
+		};
+	}
+	return {
+		...core,
+		...(source.label !== undefined && { label: source.label }),
+	};
 }
 
 /**
  * Builds the plugin spec for a first-visit switch to `newKind`: the kind's declared
  * section defaults (so the config pane opens populated, matching new-panel seeding) plus
- * the only cross-kind config worth keeping — unit + decimal precision. Switching into a
- * List seeds the current signal's default columns so the columns control isn't empty.
+ * the cross-kind config worth keeping — unit + decimal precision, and thresholds when the
+ * new kind supports them (remapped to its variant). Switching into a List seeds the
+ * current signal's default columns so the columns control isn't empty.
  *
  * Revisiting a kind restores its stashed spec instead, so this runs only on first visit.
  */
@@ -66,5 +131,19 @@ export function getSwitchedPluginSpec(
 		}
 	}
 
+	const thresholdVariant = getThresholdVariant(sections);
+	if (thresholdVariant) {
+		const oldThresholds = (
+			oldSpec.plugin.spec as {
+				thresholds?: AnyThreshold[] | null;
+			}
+		).thresholds;
+		if (oldThresholds && oldThresholds.length > 0) {
+			result.thresholds = oldThresholds.map((threshold) =>
+				toThresholdVariant(threshold as AnyThresholdFields, thresholdVariant),
+			);
+		}
+	}
+
 	return result;
 }

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/PanelEditor/hooks/__tests__/useMetricYAxisUnit.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+import { renderHook } from '@testing-library/react';
+import useGetYAxisUnit from 'hooks/useGetYAxisUnit';
+
+import { useMetricYAxisUnit } from '../useMetricYAxisUnit';
+
+jest.mock('hooks/useGetYAxisUnit', () => ({
+	__esModule: true,
+	default: jest.fn(),
+}));
+
+const mockUseGetYAxisUnit = useGetYAxisUnit as unknown as jest.Mock;
+
+function mockMetricUnit(
+	yAxisUnit: string | undefined,
+	isLoading = false,
+): void {
+	mockUseGetYAxisUnit.mockReturnValue({ yAxisUnit, isLoading, isError: false });
+}
+
+describe('useMetricYAxisUnit', () => {
+	beforeEach(() => jest.clearAllMocks());
+
+	it('seeds the unit from the metric on a new panel', () => {
+		mockMetricUnit('bytes');
+		const onSelectUnit = jest.fn();
+
+		renderHook(() =>
+			useMetricYAxisUnit({ isNewPanel: true, unit: undefined, onSelectUnit }),
+		);
+
+		expect(onSelectUnit).toHaveBeenCalledWith('bytes');
+	});
+
+	it('does not seed when not a new panel', () => {
+		mockMetricUnit('bytes');
+		const onSelectUnit = jest.fn();
+
+		renderHook(() =>
+			useMetricYAxisUnit({ isNewPanel: false, unit: undefined, onSelectUnit }),
+		);
+
+		expect(onSelectUnit).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+	});
+
+	it('does not seed when the metric has no unit', () => {
+		mockMetricUnit(undefined);
+		const onSelectUnit = jest.fn();
+
+		renderHook(() =>
+			useMetricYAxisUnit({ isNewPanel: true, unit: undefined, onSelectUnit }),
+		);
+
+		expect(onSelectUnit).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+	});
+
+	it('does not seed when the unit already matches the metric', () => {
+		mockMetricUnit('bytes');
+		const onSelectUnit = jest.fn();
+
+		renderHook(() =>
+			useMetricYAxisUnit({ isNewPanel: true, unit: 'bytes', onSelectUnit }),
+		);
+
+		expect(onSelectUnit).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+	});
+
+	it('re-seeds when the resolved metric unit changes', () => {
+		mockMetricUnit('bytes');
+		const onSelectUnit = jest.fn();
+
+		const { rerender } = renderHook(
+			(props: { unit: string | undefined }) =>
+				useMetricYAxisUnit({
+					isNewPanel: true,
+					unit: props.unit,
+					onSelectUnit,
+				}),
+			{ initialProps: { unit: undefined as string | undefined } },
+		);
+		expect(onSelectUnit).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith('bytes');
+
+		// The metric changes; the panel now holds the previously-seeded unit.
+		mockMetricUnit('ms');
+		rerender({ unit: 'bytes' });
+
+		expect(onSelectUnit).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith('ms');
+	});
+
+	it('returns the resolved metric unit and loading state', () => {
+		mockMetricUnit('bytes', true);
+
+		const { result } = renderHook(() =>
+			useMetricYAxisUnit({
+				isNewPanel: false,
+				unit: undefined,
+				onSelectUnit: jest.fn(),
+			}),
+		);
+
+		expect(result.current.metricUnit).toBe('bytes');
+		expect(result.current.isLoading).toBe(true);
+	});
+});

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/PanelEditor/hooks/__tests__/usePanelEditorSave.test.ts

@@ -1,40 +1,36 @@
 import { renderHook } from '@testing-library/react';
-import {
-	getGetDashboardV2QueryKey,
-	usePatchDashboardV2,
-} from 'api/generated/services/dashboard';
 import type { DashboardtypesPanelSpecDTO } from 'api/generated/services/sigNoz.schemas';
 
 import { usePanelEditorSave } from '../usePanelEditorSave';
 
-const mockInvalidateQueries = jest.fn();
+const mockPatchAsync = jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+let mockIsPatching = false;
+jest.mock('../../../hooks/useOptimisticPatch', () => ({
+	useOptimisticPatch: (): {
+		patchAsync: jest.Mock;
+		isPatching: boolean;
+		error: Error | null;
+	} => ({ patchAsync: mockPatchAsync, isPatching: mockIsPatching, error: null }),
+}));
+
+// The hook reads getQueryData only for the isNew branch; a stub client is enough here.
 jest.mock('react-query', () => ({
-	useQueryClient: (): { invalidateQueries: jest.Mock } => ({
-		invalidateQueries: mockInvalidateQueries,
+	useQueryClient: (): { getQueryData: jest.Mock } => ({
+		getQueryData: jest.fn(),
 	}),
 }));
 
 jest.mock('api/generated/services/dashboard', () => ({
-	usePatchDashboardV2: jest.fn(),
 	getGetDashboardV2QueryKey: jest.fn(() => ['/api/v2/dashboards/dash-1']),
 }));
 
-const mockUsePatch = usePatchDashboardV2 as unknown as jest.Mock;
-const mockGetQueryKey = getGetDashboardV2QueryKey as unknown as jest.Mock;
-
 describe('usePanelEditorSave', () => {
-	const mutateAsync = jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined);
-
 	beforeEach(() => {
 		jest.clearAllMocks();
-		mockUsePatch.mockReturnValue({
-			mutateAsync,
-			isLoading: false,
-			error: null,
-		});
+		mockIsPatching = false;
 	});
 
-	it('emits an add patch replacing the whole panel spec and invalidates the dashboard query', async () => {
+	it('optimistically patches an add replacing the whole panel spec', async () => {
 		const { result } = renderHook(() =>
 			usePanelEditorSave({ dashboardId: 'dash-1', panelId: 'panel-9' }),
 		);
@@ -50,28 +46,17 @@ describe('usePanelEditorSave', () => {
 
 		await result.current.save(spec);
 
-		expect(mutateAsync).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
-			pathParams: { id: 'dash-1' },
-			data: [
-				{
-					op: 'add',
-					path: '/spec/panels/panel-9/spec',
-					value: spec,
-				},
-			],
-		});
-		expect(mockGetQueryKey).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ id: 'dash-1' });
-		expect(mockInvalidateQueries).toHaveBeenCalledWith([
-			'/api/v2/dashboards/dash-1',
+		expect(mockPatchAsync).toHaveBeenCalledWith([
+			{
+				op: 'add',
+				path: '/spec/panels/panel-9/spec',
+				value: spec,
+			},
 		]);
 	});
 
-	it('surfaces the mutation loading state as isSaving', () => {
-		mockUsePatch.mockReturnValue({
-			mutateAsync,
-			isLoading: true,
-			error: null,
-		});
+	it('surfaces the patch in-flight state as isSaving', () => {
+		mockIsPatching = true;
 
 		const { result } = renderHook(() =>
 			usePanelEditorSave({ dashboardId: 'dash-1', panelId: 'panel-9' }),

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/PanelEditor/hooks/useMetricYAxisUnit.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+import { useEffect } from 'react';
+import useGetYAxisUnit from 'hooks/useGetYAxisUnit';
+
+interface UseMetricYAxisUnitArgs {
+	/** Only a new panel auto-seeds; editing never overwrites the saved unit. */
+	isNewPanel: boolean;
+	unit: string | undefined;
+	onSelectUnit: (unit: string) => void;
+}
+
+interface UseMetricYAxisUnitResult {
+	metricUnit: string | undefined;
+	isLoading: boolean;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Resolves the selected metric's unit and, on a new panel only, seeds the formatting unit
+ * from it (V1 parity); returns the unit for the selector's mismatch warning.
+ */
+export function useMetricYAxisUnit({
+	isNewPanel,
+	unit,
+	onSelectUnit,
+}: UseMetricYAxisUnitArgs): UseMetricYAxisUnitResult {
+	const { yAxisUnit: metricUnit, isLoading } = useGetYAxisUnit();
+
+	useEffect(() => {
+		if (isNewPanel && metricUnit && metricUnit !== unit) {
+			onSelectUnit(metricUnit);
+		}
+		// Re-seed only when the resolved metric unit changes, not on every unit edit.
+		// eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
+	}, [isNewPanel, metricUnit]);
+
+	return { metricUnit, isLoading };
+}

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/PanelEditor/hooks/usePanelEditorSave.ts

@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 import { useCallback } from 'react';
 import { useQueryClient } from 'react-query';
 import { v4 as uuid } from 'uuid';
-import {
-	getGetDashboardV2QueryKey,
-	usePatchDashboardV2,
-} from 'api/generated/services/dashboard';
+import { getGetDashboardV2QueryKey } from 'api/generated/services/dashboard';
 import {
 	type DashboardtypesJSONPatchOperationDTO,
 	type DashboardtypesPanelSpecDTO,
@@ -13,6 +10,7 @@ import {
 	type GetDashboardV2200,
 } from 'api/generated/services/sigNoz.schemas';
 
+import { useOptimisticPatch } from '../../hooks/useOptimisticPatch';
 import { createPanelOps } from '../../patchOps';
 
 interface UsePanelEditorSaveArgs {
@@ -43,15 +41,14 @@ export function usePanelEditorSave({
 	layoutIndex,
 }: UsePanelEditorSaveArgs): UsePanelEditorSaveApi {
 	const queryClient = useQueryClient();
-	const { mutateAsync, isLoading, error } = usePatchDashboardV2();
+	const { patchAsync, isPatching, error } = useOptimisticPatch(dashboardId);
 
 	const save = useCallback(
 		async (spec: DashboardtypesPanelSpecDTO): Promise<void> => {
-			const dashboardQueryKey = getGetDashboardV2QueryKey({ id: dashboardId });
-
 			let ops: DashboardtypesJSONPatchOperationDTO[];
 			if (isNew) {
 				// Resolve the target section against the freshest dashboard we have.
+				const dashboardQueryKey = getGetDashboardV2QueryKey({ id: dashboardId });
 				const cached =
 					queryClient.getQueryData<GetDashboardV2200>(dashboardQueryKey);
 				ops = createPanelOps({
@@ -70,11 +67,11 @@ export function usePanelEditorSave({
 				];
 			}
 
-			await mutateAsync({ pathParams: { id: dashboardId }, data: ops });
-			await queryClient.invalidateQueries(dashboardQueryKey);
+			// Optimistic cache write + settle refetch (replaces the manual invalidate).
+			await patchAsync(ops);
 		},
-		[dashboardId, panelId, isNew, layoutIndex, mutateAsync, queryClient],
+		[dashboardId, panelId, isNew, layoutIndex, patchAsync, queryClient],
 	);
 
-	return { save, isSaving: isLoading, error: (error as Error) ?? null };
+	return { save, isSaving: isPatching, error };
 }

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/PanelEditor/index.tsx

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ import {
 import { toast } from '@signozhq/ui/sonner';
 import {
 	type DashboardtypesPanelDTO,
+	type DashboardtypesPanelFormattingDTO,
+	type DashboardtypesPanelSpecDTO,
 	TelemetrytypesSignalDTO,
 } from 'api/generated/services/sigNoz.schemas';
 import { PANEL_TYPES } from 'constants/queryBuilder';
@@ -30,6 +32,7 @@ import { useLegendSeries } from './hooks/useLegendSeries';
 import { usePanelQuery } from '../hooks/usePanelQuery';
 import { usePanelEditorDraft } from './hooks/usePanelEditorDraft';
 import { usePanelEditorQuerySync } from './hooks/usePanelEditorQuerySync';
+import { useMetricYAxisUnit } from './hooks/useMetricYAxisUnit';
 import { usePanelEditorSave } from './hooks/usePanelEditorSave';
 import { usePanelTypeSwitch } from './hooks/usePanelTypeSwitch';
 import { useSeedNewListColumns } from './hooks/useSeedNewListColumns';
@@ -123,6 +126,33 @@ function PanelEditorContainer({
 	// Switch the panel's visualization kind in place (reversible per session).
 	const { onChangePanelKind } = usePanelTypeSwitch({ spec, panelType, setSpec });
 
+	// At editor level, not the collapsible FormattingSection, so seeding runs while closed.
+	const formattingUnit = (
+		spec.plugin.spec as {
+			formatting?: DashboardtypesPanelFormattingDTO;
+		}
+	).formatting?.unit;
+	const seedFormattingUnit = useCallback(
+		(unit: string): void => {
+			const pluginSpec = spec.plugin.spec as {
+				formatting?: DashboardtypesPanelFormattingDTO;
+			};
+			setSpec({
+				...spec,
+				plugin: {
+					...spec.plugin,
+					spec: { ...pluginSpec, formatting: { ...pluginSpec.formatting, unit } },
+				},
+			} as DashboardtypesPanelSpecDTO);
+		},
+		[spec, setSpec],
+	);
+	const { metricUnit } = useMetricYAxisUnit({
+		isNewPanel: isNew,
+		unit: formattingUnit,
+		onSelectUnit: seedFormattingUnit,
+	});
+
 	// Spec and query dirtiness are tracked independently so query re-serialization
 	// never false-dirties. A new panel is always savable (you're creating it).
 	const isDirty = isNew || isSpecDirty || isQueryDirty;
@@ -251,6 +281,7 @@ function PanelEditorContainer({
 						legendSeries={legendSeries}
 						tableColumns={tableColumns}
 						stepInterval={stepInterval}
+						metricUnit={metricUnit}
 					/>
 				</ResizablePanel>
 			</ResizablePanelGroup>

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/Panels/kinds/PieChartPanel/__tests__/prepareData.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+import type { PanelTable } from 'pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/queryV5/types';
+
+import { preparePieData } from '../prepareData';
+
+function tableWith(
+	columns: PanelTable['columns'],
+	rows: PanelTable['rows'],
+	overrides: Partial<PanelTable> = {},
+): PanelTable {
+	return { queryName: 'A', legend: '', columns, rows, ...overrides };
+}
+
+const args = (tables: PanelTable[]): Parameters<typeof preparePieData>[0] => ({
+	tables,
+	isDarkMode: true,
+});
+
+describe('preparePieData', () => {
+	it('renders a slice per value column for a multi-column ClickHouse scalar', () => {
+		const table = tableWith(
+			[
+				{ name: 'col1', queryName: 'A', isValueColumn: true, id: 'col1' },
+				{ name: 'col2', queryName: 'A', isValueColumn: true, id: 'col2' },
+			],
+			[{ data: { col1: 23399927, col2: 588691297 } }],
+		);
+
+		const slices = preparePieData(args([table]));
+
+		expect(slices.map((s) => [s.label, s.value])).toStrictEqual([
+			['col1', 23399927],
+			['col2', 588691297],
+		]);
+	});
+
+	it('keeps one slice per group row for a single value column', () => {
+		const table = tableWith(
+			[
+				{
+					name: 'service.name',
+					queryName: 'A',
+					isValueColumn: false,
+					id: 'service.name',
+				},
+				{ name: 'count', queryName: 'A', isValueColumn: true, id: 'A' },
+			],
+			[
+				{ data: { 'service.name': 'adservice', A: 100 } },
+				{ data: { 'service.name': 'cartservice', A: 200 } },
+			],
+		);
+
+		const slices = preparePieData(args([table]));
+
+		expect(slices.map((s) => [s.label, s.value])).toStrictEqual([
+			['adservice', 100],
+			['cartservice', 200],
+		]);
+	});
+
+	it('prefixes the group when multiple value columns are grouped', () => {
+		const table = tableWith(
+			[
+				{ name: 'env', queryName: 'A', isValueColumn: false, id: 'env' },
+				{ name: 'col1', queryName: 'A', isValueColumn: true, id: 'col1' },
+				{ name: 'col2', queryName: 'A', isValueColumn: true, id: 'col2' },
+			],
+			[{ data: { env: 'prod', col1: 10, col2: 20 } }],
+		);
+
+		const slices = preparePieData(args([table]));
+
+		expect(slices.map((s) => s.label)).toStrictEqual([
+			'prod · col1',
+			'prod · col2',
+		]);
+	});
+
+	it('falls back to legend/query name when a single value column has no group', () => {
+		const table = tableWith(
+			[{ name: 'count', queryName: 'A', isValueColumn: true, id: 'A' }],
+			[{ data: { A: 42 } }],
+			{ legend: 'requests' },
+		);
+
+		const slices = preparePieData(args([table]));
+
+		expect(slices.map((s) => [s.label, s.value])).toStrictEqual([
+			['requests', 42],
+		]);
+	});
+
+	it('honours customColors over the generated palette', () => {
+		const table = tableWith(
+			[
+				{ name: 'col1', queryName: 'A', isValueColumn: true, id: 'col1' },
+				{ name: 'col2', queryName: 'A', isValueColumn: true, id: 'col2' },
+			],
+			[{ data: { col1: 10, col2: 20 } }],
+		);
+
+		const slices = preparePieData({
+			tables: [table],
+			isDarkMode: true,
+			customColors: { col1: '#ff0000' },
+		});
+
+		expect(slices[0].color).toBe('#ff0000');
+		expect(slices[1].color).not.toBe('#ff0000');
+	});
+
+	it('drops non-positive and non-numeric values', () => {
+		const table = tableWith(
+			[
+				{ name: 'col1', queryName: 'A', isValueColumn: true, id: 'col1' },
+				{ name: 'col2', queryName: 'A', isValueColumn: true, id: 'col2' },
+				{ name: 'col3', queryName: 'A', isValueColumn: true, id: 'col3' },
+			],
+			[{ data: { col1: 5, col2: 0, col3: 'n/a' } }],
+		);
+
+		const slices = preparePieData(args([table]));
+
+		expect(slices.map((s) => s.label)).toStrictEqual(['col1']);
+	});
+
+	it('returns no slices for empty tables', () => {
+		expect(preparePieData(args([]))).toStrictEqual([]);
+	});
+});

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/Panels/kinds/PieChartPanel/prepareData.ts

@@ -11,11 +11,7 @@ export interface PreparePieDataArgs {
 	isDarkMode: boolean;
 }
 
-/**
- * Turns the scalar tables of a V5 response into pie slices (one per group row):
- * value column → value, group column(s) → label. Colours honour `customColors`
- * then fall back to the deterministic palette; non-positive/non-numeric dropped.
- */
+/** One pie slice per (row × value column); column name labels slices when a query has several value columns. */
 export function preparePieData({
 	tables,
 	customColors,
@@ -27,26 +23,35 @@ export function preparePieData({
 
 	const slices: PieSlice[] = [];
 	tables.forEach((table) => {
-		const valueColumn = table.columns.find((column) => column.isValueColumn);
-		if (!valueColumn) {
+		const valueColumns = table.columns.filter((column) => column.isValueColumn);
+		if (valueColumns.length === 0) {
 			return;
 		}
-		const valueKey = valueColumn.id || valueColumn.name;
 		const labelColumns = table.columns.filter((column) => !column.isValueColumn);
+		const hasMultipleValueColumns = valueColumns.length > 1;
 
 		table.rows.forEach((row) => {
-			const value = Number(row.data[valueKey]);
-			const label =
-				labelColumns
-					.map((column) => row.data[column.id || column.name])
-					.filter((part) => part != null)
-					.map(String)
-					.join(', ') ||
-				table.legend ||
-				table.queryName ||
-				'';
-			const color = customColors?.[label] ?? generateColor(label, colorMap);
-			slices.push({ label, value, color });
+			const groupLabel = labelColumns
+				.map((column) => row.data[column.id || column.name])
+				.filter((part) => part != null)
+				.map(String)
+				.join(', ');
+
+			valueColumns.forEach((column) => {
+				let label: string;
+				if (hasMultipleValueColumns) {
+					label = groupLabel ? `${groupLabel} · ${column.name}` : column.name;
+				} else {
+					label = groupLabel || table.legend || table.queryName || '';
+				}
+
+				const color = customColors?.[label] ?? generateColor(label, colorMap);
+				slices.push({
+					label,
+					value: Number(row.data[column.id || column.name]),
+					color,
+				});
+			});
 		});
 	});
 

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/Panels/kinds/TimeSeriesPanel/utils/buildConfig.ts

@@ -108,7 +108,9 @@ function addSeries({
 	// `customColors` is nullable on the spec; coerce so `addSeries` always gets
 	// a defined record (it dereferences keys without a guard).
 	const colorMapping = spec.legend?.customColors ?? {};
-	const spanGaps = resolveSpanGaps(chartAppearance?.spanGaps?.fillLessThan);
+	const spanGaps = chartAppearance?.spanGaps
+		? resolveSpanGaps(chartAppearance?.spanGaps)
+		: true;
 
 	const lineStyle = chartAppearance?.lineStyle
 		? LINE_STYLE_MAP[chartAppearance.lineStyle]

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/Panels/utils/chartAppearance/__tests__/resolvers.test.ts

@@ -1,22 +1,35 @@
 import { resolveSpanGaps } from '../resolvers';
 
 describe('resolveSpanGaps', () => {
-	it('spans all gaps (true) when unset', () => {
-		expect(resolveSpanGaps(undefined)).toBe(true);
-		expect(resolveSpanGaps('')).toBe(true);
-	});
-
-	it('parses a duration string into seconds', () => {
-		expect(resolveSpanGaps('5s')).toBe(5);
-		expect(resolveSpanGaps('10m')).toBe(600);
-		expect(resolveSpanGaps('1h')).toBe(3600);
+	it('parses a duration string into seconds when thresholding', () => {
+		expect(resolveSpanGaps({ fillOnlyBelow: true, fillLessThan: '5s' })).toBe(5);
+		expect(resolveSpanGaps({ fillOnlyBelow: true, fillLessThan: '10m' })).toBe(
+			600,
+		);
+		expect(resolveSpanGaps({ fillOnlyBelow: true, fillLessThan: '1h' })).toBe(
+			3600,
+		);
 	});
 
 	it('tolerates a bare seconds number (back-compat)', () => {
-		expect(resolveSpanGaps('600')).toBe(600);
+		expect(resolveSpanGaps({ fillOnlyBelow: true, fillLessThan: '600' })).toBe(
+			600,
+		);
 	});
 
 	it('falls back to true for unparseable input', () => {
-		expect(resolveSpanGaps('abc')).toBe(true);
+		expect(resolveSpanGaps({ fillOnlyBelow: true, fillLessThan: 'abc' })).toBe(
+			true,
+		);
+	});
+
+	it('spans all gaps when fillOnlyBelow is explicitly false, ignoring any duration', () => {
+		expect(resolveSpanGaps({ fillOnlyBelow: false, fillLessThan: '5m' })).toBe(
+			true,
+		);
+	});
+
+	it('treats a duration with no fillOnlyBelow flag as a threshold (legacy panels)', () => {
+		expect(resolveSpanGaps({ fillLessThan: '5m' })).toBe(300);
 	});
 });

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/Panels/utils/chartAppearance/resolvers.ts

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { rangeUtil } from '@grafana/data';
 import {
 	DashboardtypesLegendPositionDTO,
 	DashboardtypesPrecisionOptionDTO,
+	type DashboardtypesSpanGapsDTO,
 } from 'api/generated/services/sigNoz.schemas';
 import { PrecisionOption, PrecisionOptionsEnum } from 'components/Graph/types';
 import { LegendPosition } from 'lib/uPlotV2/components/types';
@@ -39,15 +40,14 @@ export function resolveDecimalPrecision(
 }
 
 /**
- * `spec.chartAppearance.spanGaps.fillLessThan` is a duration string on the wire
- * ("10m", "5s"). Empty/missing → span all gaps (default); otherwise forward the
- * threshold in seconds so uPlot only bridges short runs of nulls. Tolerates a
- * bare seconds number for back-compat.
+ * Resolves `spanGaps` to uPlot's value. `fillOnlyBelow: false` spans every gap regardless
+ * of `fillLessThan`; a duration with no flag still thresholds (panels predating the flag).
  */
 export function resolveSpanGaps(
-	fillLessThan: string | undefined,
+	spanGaps: DashboardtypesSpanGapsDTO,
 ): boolean | number {
-	if (!fillLessThan) {
+	const fillLessThan = spanGaps.fillLessThan;
+	if (spanGaps.fillOnlyBelow === false || !fillLessThan) {
 		return true;
 	}
 	const seconds = rangeUtil.isValidTimeSpan(fillLessThan)

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/PanelsAndSectionsLayout/Panel/hooks/__tests__/useClonePanel.test.ts

@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
 import { renderHook } from '@testing-library/react';
-import { patchDashboardV2 } from 'api/generated/services/dashboard';
 
 import { useDashboardStore } from '../../../../store/useDashboardStore';
 import type { DashboardSection } from '../../../../utils';
 import { useClonePanel } from '../useClonePanel';
 
-jest.mock('api/generated/services/dashboard', () => ({
-	patchDashboardV2: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
+const mockPatchAsync = jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+jest.mock('../../../../hooks/useOptimisticPatch', () => ({
+	useOptimisticPatch: (): { patchAsync: jest.Mock; isPatching: boolean } => ({
+		patchAsync: mockPatchAsync,
+		isPatching: false,
+	}),
 }));
 
 const mockToastPromise = jest.fn();
@@ -16,8 +19,6 @@ jest.mock('@signozhq/ui/sonner', () => ({
 
 jest.mock('uuid', () => ({ v4: (): string => 'cloned-id' }));
 
-const mockPatch = patchDashboardV2 as unknown as jest.Mock;
-
 const sourcePanel = {
 	kind: 'Panel',
 	spec: {
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ function sections(): DashboardSection[] {
 describe('useClonePanel', () => {
 	beforeEach(() => {
 		jest.clearAllMocks();
-		useDashboardStore.setState({ dashboardId: 'dash-1', refetch: jest.fn() });
+		useDashboardStore.setState({ dashboardId: 'dash-1' });
 	});
 
 	it('patches an add of the deep-copied spec + a new item under the same section', async () => {
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ describe('useClonePanel', () => {
 
 		await result.current({ panelId: 'p1', layoutIndex: 0 });
 
-		expect(mockPatch).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ id: 'dash-1' }, [
+		expect(mockPatchAsync).toHaveBeenCalledWith([
 			{
 				op: 'add',
 				path: '/spec/panels/cloned-id',
@@ -92,7 +93,7 @@ describe('useClonePanel', () => {
 
 		await result.current({ panelId: 'p1', layoutIndex: 0 });
 
-		const ops = mockPatch.mock.calls[0][1];
+		const ops = mockPatchAsync.mock.calls[0][0];
 		// Room in the last row (4 + 4 = 8 ≤ 12 cols) → sits to the right at y:0.
 		expect(ops[1].value).toMatchObject({ x: 4, y: 0, width: 4, height: 5 });
 	});
@@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ describe('useClonePanel', () => {
 
 		await result.current({ panelId: 'p1', layoutIndex: 0 });
 
-		const ops = mockPatch.mock.calls[0][1];
+		const ops = mockPatchAsync.mock.calls[0][0];
 		expect(ops[0].value).toStrictEqual(sourcePanel);
 		expect(ops[0].value).not.toBe(sourcePanel);
 	});
@@ -112,7 +113,7 @@ describe('useClonePanel', () => {
 
 		await result.current({ panelId: 'missing', layoutIndex: 0 });
 
-		expect(mockPatch).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+		expect(mockPatchAsync).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
 		expect(mockToastPromise).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
 	});
 
@@ -132,7 +133,7 @@ describe('useClonePanel', () => {
 	});
 
 	it('swallows a patch rejection (toast owns the error UX) — does not throw', async () => {
-		mockPatch.mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('boom'));
+		mockPatchAsync.mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('boom'));
 		const { result } = renderHook(() => useClonePanel({ sections: sections() }));
 
 		await expect(

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/PanelsAndSectionsLayout/Panel/hooks/__tests__/useCreateAlertFromPanel.test.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { renderHook } from '@testing-library/react';
 import logEvent from 'api/common/logEvent';
 import type { DashboardtypesPanelDTO } from 'api/generated/services/sigNoz.schemas';
+import { Querybuildertypesv5VariableTypeDTO } from 'api/generated/services/sigNoz.schemas';
 import { PANEL_TYPES } from 'constants/queryBuilder';
 import { useDashboardStore } from 'pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/store/useDashboardStore';
 
@@ -18,12 +19,55 @@ jest.mock('hooks/useSafeNavigate', () => ({
 	}),
 }));
 
-// The V5→V1 query→URL translation is covered by buildCreateAlertUrl's own tests;
-// stub it so this asserts only the hook's side effects (analytics + navigation).
-jest.mock('../../utils/buildCreateAlertUrl', () => ({
-	buildCreateAlertUrl: (): string => '/alerts/new?composite=1',
+const mockToastError = jest.fn();
+jest.mock('@signozhq/ui/sonner', () => ({
+	toast: { error: (...args: unknown[]): void => mockToastError(...args) },
 }));
 
+jest.mock('react-redux', () => ({
+	useSelector: (selector: (state: unknown) => unknown): unknown =>
+		selector({ globalTime: { minTime: 1_000_000, maxTime: 2_000_000 } }),
+}));
+
+const mockSubstituteVars = jest.fn();
+jest.mock('api/generated/services/querier', () => ({
+	useReplaceVariables: (): { mutate: jest.Mock } => ({
+		mutate: mockSubstituteVars,
+	}),
+}));
+
+// Stub the builders so this asserts only the hook's orchestration.
+jest.mock('../../utils/buildCreateAlertUrl', () => ({
+	buildCreateAlertUrl: (): string => '/alerts/new?composite=sync',
+	buildAlertUrl: (): string => '/alerts/new?composite=substituted',
+	readPanelUnit: (): string | undefined => undefined,
+}));
+
+// Keep the real exports (getPanelQueryType reads them); stub only the builder.
+const mockBuildQueryRangeRequest = jest.fn((_args?: unknown) => ({
+	request: 'payload',
+}));
+jest.mock(
+	'pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/queryV5/buildQueryRangeRequest',
+	() => ({
+		...jest.requireActual(
+			'pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/queryV5/buildQueryRangeRequest',
+		),
+		buildQueryRangeRequest: (args: unknown): unknown =>
+			mockBuildQueryRangeRequest(args),
+	}),
+);
+
+jest.mock(
+	'pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/queryV5/persesQueryAdapters',
+	() => ({
+		...jest.requireActual(
+			'pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/queryV5/persesQueryAdapters',
+		),
+		envelopesToQuery: (): unknown => ({ resolved: 'query' }),
+	}),
+);
+
 const mockLogEvent = logEvent as jest.Mock;
 
 const panel = {
@@ -38,17 +82,7 @@ const panel = {
 describe('useCreateAlertFromPanel', () => {
 	beforeEach(() => {
 		jest.clearAllMocks();
-		useDashboardStore.setState({ dashboardId: 'dash-1' });
-	});
-
-	it('opens the seeded alert builder in a new tab', () => {
-		const { result } = renderHook(() => useCreateAlertFromPanel());
-
-		result.current(panel, 'panel-1');
-
-		expect(mockSafeNavigate).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/alerts/new?composite=1', {
-			newTab: true,
-		});
+		useDashboardStore.setState({ dashboardId: 'dash-1', resolvedVariables: {} });
 	});
 
 	it('logs the create-alert action with panel and dashboard context (V1 parity)', () => {
@@ -66,4 +100,80 @@ describe('useCreateAlertFromPanel', () => {
 			}),
 		);
 	});
+
+	describe('with no variable selections', () => {
+		it('seeds the alert synchronously without a substitute round-trip', () => {
+			const { result } = renderHook(() => useCreateAlertFromPanel());
+
+			result.current(panel, 'panel-1');
+
+			expect(mockSubstituteVars).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+			expect(mockSafeNavigate).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/alerts/new?composite=sync', {
+				newTab: true,
+			});
+		});
+	});
+
+	describe('with variable selections', () => {
+		beforeEach(() => {
+			useDashboardStore.setState({
+				dashboardId: 'dash-1',
+				resolvedVariables: {
+					'dash-1': {
+						service: {
+							type: Querybuildertypesv5VariableTypeDTO.query,
+							value: 'checkout',
+						},
+					},
+				},
+			});
+		});
+
+		it('substitutes variables before seeding, then opens the resolved alert', () => {
+			const { result } = renderHook(() => useCreateAlertFromPanel());
+
+			result.current(panel, 'panel-1');
+
+			// Round-trips the panel's queries + resolved variables.
+			expect(mockBuildQueryRangeRequest).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+				expect.objectContaining({
+					queries: panel.spec.queries,
+					panelType: PANEL_TYPES.TIME_SERIES,
+					variables: { service: { type: 'query', value: 'checkout' } },
+				}),
+			);
+			expect(mockSubstituteVars).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+				{ data: { request: 'payload' } },
+				expect.objectContaining({
+					onSuccess: expect.any(Function),
+					onError: expect.any(Function),
+				}),
+			);
+			// Nothing opens until the round-trip resolves.
+			expect(mockSafeNavigate).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+
+			const { onSuccess } = mockSubstituteVars.mock.calls[0][1];
+			onSuccess({ data: { compositeQuery: { queries: [{ type: 'builder' }] } } });
+
+			expect(mockSafeNavigate).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+				'/alerts/new?composite=substituted',
+				{ newTab: true },
+			);
+		});
+
+		it('notifies and does not navigate when substitution fails', () => {
+			const { result } = renderHook(() => useCreateAlertFromPanel());
+
+			result.current(panel, 'panel-1');
+
+			const { onError } = mockSubstituteVars.mock.calls[0][1];
+			onError();
+
+			expect(mockToastError).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+				expect.any(String),
+				expect.objectContaining({ description: expect.any(String) }),
+			);
+			expect(mockSafeNavigate).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+		});
+	});
 });

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/PanelsAndSectionsLayout/Panel/hooks/useClonePanel.ts

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@ import { toast } from '@signozhq/ui/sonner';
 import { cloneDeep } from 'lodash-es';
 import { v4 as uuid } from 'uuid';
 
-import { patchDashboardV2 } from 'api/generated/services/dashboard';
-
+import { useOptimisticPatch } from '../../../hooks/useOptimisticPatch';
 import {
 	addPanelToSectionOps,
 	findFreeSlot,
@@ -32,7 +31,7 @@ export function useClonePanel({
 	sections,
 }: Params): (args: ClonePanelArgs) => Promise<void> {
 	const dashboardId = useDashboardStore((s) => s.dashboardId);
-	const refetch = useDashboardStore((s) => s.refetch);
+	const { patchAsync } = useOptimisticPatch();
 
 	return useCallback(
 		async ({ panelId, layoutIndex }: ClonePanelArgs): Promise<void> => {
@@ -45,8 +44,7 @@ export function useClonePanel({
 			const newPanelId = uuid();
 			const { x, y } = findFreeSlot(section.items, source.width);
 
-			const clone = patchDashboardV2(
-				{ id: dashboardId },
+			const clone = patchAsync(
 				addPanelToSectionOps({
 					panelId: newPanelId,
 					panel: cloneDeep(source.panel),
@@ -68,15 +66,14 @@ export function useClonePanel({
 				position: 'top-center',
 			});
 
-			// Refetch only on success; toast.promise owns the error UX, so swallow
-			// the rejection to avoid an unhandled rejection.
+			// toast.promise owns the error UX; swallow here to avoid an unhandled
+			// rejection (the optimistic cache write + settle refetch handle state).
 			try {
 				await clone;
-				refetch();
 			} catch {
 				// no-op
 			}
 		},
-		[sections, dashboardId, refetch],
+		[sections, dashboardId, patchAsync],
 	);
 }

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/PanelsAndSectionsLayout/Panel/hooks/useCreateAlertFromPanel.ts

@@ -1,18 +1,32 @@
 import { useCallback } from 'react';
+// eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-imports -- global time still lives in redux
+import { useSelector } from 'react-redux';
+import { toast } from '@signozhq/ui/sonner';
 import logEvent from 'api/common/logEvent';
+import { useReplaceVariables } from 'api/generated/services/querier';
 import type { DashboardtypesPanelDTO } from 'api/generated/services/sigNoz.schemas';
+import { SOMETHING_WENT_WRONG } from 'constants/api';
 import { useSafeNavigate } from 'hooks/useSafeNavigate';
 import { PANEL_KIND_TO_PANEL_TYPE } from 'pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/Panels/types/panelKind';
 import { getPanelQueryType } from 'pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/Panels/utils/getPanelQueryType';
+import { buildQueryRangeRequest } from 'pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/queryV5/buildQueryRangeRequest';
+import { envelopesToQuery } from 'pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/queryV5/persesQueryAdapters';
+import { selectResolvedVariables } from 'pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/store/slices/variableSelectionSlice';
 import { useDashboardStore } from 'pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/store/useDashboardStore';
+import { AppState } from 'store/reducers';
+import { GlobalReducer } from 'types/reducer/globalTime';
 
-import { buildCreateAlertUrl } from '../utils/buildCreateAlertUrl';
+import {
+	buildAlertUrl,
+	buildCreateAlertUrl,
+	readPanelUnit,
+} from '../utils/buildCreateAlertUrl';
 
 /**
- * Returns a callback that opens the alert builder in a new tab, seeded from a
- * panel's query, and logs the action — mirroring V1's `useCreateAlerts`
- * ('dashboardView' caller). The panel is supplied at call time so the callback
- * stays stable across panels (and the dashboard's react-query refetches).
+ * Callback that seeds the alert builder from a panel's query in a new tab (V1 parity
+ * with `useCreateAlerts`; panel supplied at call time so the callback stays stable).
+ * With variable selections, resolves them via `/substitute_vars` first; otherwise
+ * seeds synchronously (the round-trip would be a no-op).
  */
 export function useCreateAlertFromPanel(): (
 	panel: DashboardtypesPanelDTO,
@@ -20,18 +34,61 @@ export function useCreateAlertFromPanel(): (
 ) => void {
 	const { safeNavigate } = useSafeNavigate();
 	const dashboardId = useDashboardStore((s) => s.dashboardId);
+	const variables = useDashboardStore(selectResolvedVariables(dashboardId));
+	const { maxTime, minTime } = useSelector<AppState, GlobalReducer>(
+		(state) => state.globalTime,
+	);
+	const { mutate: substituteVars } = useReplaceVariables();
 
 	return useCallback(
 		(panel: DashboardtypesPanelDTO, panelId: string): void => {
+			const panelType = PANEL_KIND_TO_PANEL_TYPE[panel.spec.plugin.kind];
+
 			void logEvent('Dashboard Detail: Panel action', {
 				action: 'createAlerts',
-				panelType: PANEL_KIND_TO_PANEL_TYPE[panel.spec.plugin.kind],
+				panelType,
 				dashboardId,
 				widgetId: panelId,
 				queryType: getPanelQueryType(panel),
 			});
-			safeNavigate(buildCreateAlertUrl(panel), { newTab: true });
+
+			if (Object.keys(variables).length === 0) {
+				safeNavigate(buildCreateAlertUrl(panel), { newTab: true });
+				return;
+			}
+
+			// Redux global time is nanoseconds; the request DTO takes epoch ms.
+			const request = buildQueryRangeRequest({
+				queries: panel.spec.queries,
+				panelType,
+				startMs: minTime / 1e6,
+				endMs: maxTime / 1e6,
+				variables,
+			});
+
+			substituteVars(
+				{ data: request },
+				{
+					onSuccess: (response) => {
+						const query = envelopesToQuery(
+							response.data.compositeQuery?.queries ?? [],
+							panelType,
+						);
+						const url = buildAlertUrl(
+							query,
+							panelType,
+							readPanelUnit(panel.spec.plugin),
+						);
+						safeNavigate(url, { newTab: true });
+					},
+					onError: () => {
+						toast.error(SOMETHING_WENT_WRONG, {
+							description: 'Failed to create alert from panel',
+						});
+					},
+				},
+			);
 		},
-		[dashboardId, safeNavigate],
+		[dashboardId, variables, minTime, maxTime, substituteVars, safeNavigate],
 	);
 }

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/PanelsAndSectionsLayout/Panel/hooks/useDeletePanel.ts

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import { useCallback } from 'react';
 
-import { patchDashboardV2 } from 'api/generated/services/dashboard';
 import { useErrorModal } from 'providers/ErrorModalProvider';
 import APIError from 'types/api/error';
 
+import { useOptimisticPatch } from '../../../hooks/useOptimisticPatch';
 import { removePanelOp, replaceSectionItemsOp } from '../../../patchOps';
 import { useDashboardStore } from '../../../store/useDashboardStore';
 import type { DashboardSection } from '../../../utils';
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ export function useDeletePanel({
 	sections,
 }: Params): (args: DeletePanelArgs) => Promise<void> {
 	const dashboardId = useDashboardStore((s) => s.dashboardId);
-	const refetch = useDashboardStore((s) => s.refetch);
+	const { patchAsync } = useOptimisticPatch();
 	const { showErrorModal } = useErrorModal();
 
 	return useCallback(
@@ -40,15 +40,14 @@ export function useDeletePanel({
 
 			const nextItems = section.items.filter((i) => i.id !== panelId);
 			try {
-				await patchDashboardV2({ id: dashboardId }, [
+				await patchAsync([
 					replaceSectionItemsOp(layoutIndex, nextItems),
 					removePanelOp(panelId),
 				]);
-				refetch();
 			} catch (error) {
 				showErrorModal(error as APIError);
 			}
 		},
-		[sections, dashboardId, refetch, showErrorModal],
+		[sections, dashboardId, patchAsync, showErrorModal],
 	);
 }

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/PanelsAndSectionsLayout/Panel/hooks/useMovePanelToSection.ts

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import { useCallback } from 'react';
 
-import { patchDashboardV2 } from 'api/generated/services/dashboard';
 import { useErrorModal } from 'providers/ErrorModalProvider';
 import APIError from 'types/api/error';
 
+import { useOptimisticPatch } from '../../../hooks/useOptimisticPatch';
 import { movePanelBetweenSectionsOps } from '../../../patchOps';
 import { useDashboardStore } from '../../../store/useDashboardStore';
 import type { DashboardSection } from '../../../utils';
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ export function useMovePanelToSection({
 	sections,
 }: Params): (args: MovePanelArgs) => Promise<void> {
 	const dashboardId = useDashboardStore((s) => s.dashboardId);
-	const refetch = useDashboardStore((s) => s.refetch);
+	const { patchAsync } = useOptimisticPatch();
 	const { showErrorModal } = useErrorModal();
 
 	return useCallback(
@@ -60,8 +60,7 @@ export function useMovePanelToSection({
 			const targetItems = [...target.items, { ...moved, x: 0, y: nextY }];
 
 			try {
-				await patchDashboardV2(
-					{ id: dashboardId },
+				await patchAsync(
 					movePanelBetweenSectionsOps({
 						sourceIndex: fromLayoutIndex,
 						sourceItems,
@@ -69,11 +68,10 @@ export function useMovePanelToSection({
 						targetItems,
 					}),
 				);
-				refetch();
 			} catch (error) {
 				showErrorModal(error as APIError);
 			}
 		},
-		[sections, dashboardId, refetch, showErrorModal],
+		[sections, dashboardId, patchAsync, showErrorModal],
 	);
 }

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/PanelsAndSectionsLayout/Panel/utils/buildCreateAlertUrl.ts

@@ -5,11 +5,14 @@ import type {
 import { YAxisSource } from 'components/YAxisUnitSelector/types';
 import { ENTITY_VERSION_V5 } from 'constants/app';
 import { QueryParams } from 'constants/query';
+import { PANEL_TYPES } from 'constants/queryBuilder';
 import ROUTES from 'constants/routes';
 import { PANEL_KIND_TO_PANEL_TYPE } from 'pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/Panels/types/panelKind';
 import { fromPerses } from 'pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/queryV5/persesQueryAdapters';
+import type { Query } from 'types/api/queryBuilder/queryBuilderData';
 
-function readPanelUnit(
+/** The panel's configured y-axis unit, for the kinds that carry one. */
+export function readPanelUnit(
 	plugin: DashboardtypesPanelPluginDTO,
 ): string | undefined {
 	switch (plugin.kind) {
@@ -24,20 +27,17 @@ function readPanelUnit(
 }
 
 /**
- * Builds the `/alerts/new` URL that seeds the alert builder from a panel's query,
- * mirroring V1's `useCreateAlerts`: the panel's V5 queries are translated to the
- * V1 `Query` the alert page reads from `compositeQuery`, tagged with the panel
- * type, entity version, and a `dashboards` source.
- *
- * Unlike V1 there is no `/substitute_vars` round-trip — V2 has no query-variable
- * plumbing yet, so any dashboard-variable references travel through verbatim.
+ * Assembles the `/alerts/new` URL from a ready V1 `Query`: the alert page reads it
+ * from `compositeQuery`, tagged with the panel type, entity version, and a
+ * `dashboards` source.
  */
-export function buildCreateAlertUrl(panel: DashboardtypesPanelDTO): string {
-	const panelType = PANEL_KIND_TO_PANEL_TYPE[panel.spec.plugin.kind];
-	const query = fromPerses(panel.spec.queries, panelType);
-
-	const unit = readPanelUnit(panel.spec.plugin);
+export function buildAlertUrl(
+	query: Query,
+	panelType: PANEL_TYPES,
+	unit?: string,
+): string {
 	if (unit) {
+		// eslint-disable-next-line no-param-reassign
 		query.unit = unit;
 	}
 
@@ -52,3 +52,15 @@ export function buildCreateAlertUrl(panel: DashboardtypesPanelDTO): string {
 
 	return `${ROUTES.ALERTS_NEW}?${params.toString()}`;
 }
+
+/**
+ * Seeds the alert builder from a panel's query — the no-variable path, so any
+ * dashboard-variable references travel through verbatim. When the dashboard has
+ * selections, `useCreateAlertFromPanel` runs a `/substitute_vars` round-trip first
+ * and assembles the URL from the resolved queries via {@link buildAlertUrl}.
+ */
+export function buildCreateAlertUrl(panel: DashboardtypesPanelDTO): string {
+	const panelType = PANEL_KIND_TO_PANEL_TYPE[panel.spec.plugin.kind];
+	const query = fromPerses(panel.spec.queries, panelType);
+	return buildAlertUrl(query, panelType, readPanelUnit(panel.spec.plugin));
+}

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/PanelsAndSectionsLayout/Section/hooks/useAddSection.ts

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 import { useCallback, useState } from 'react';
 
-import { patchDashboardV2 } from 'api/generated/services/dashboard';
 import type { DashboardtypesLayoutDTO } from 'api/generated/services/sigNoz.schemas';
 import { useErrorModal } from 'providers/ErrorModalProvider';
 import APIError from 'types/api/error';
 
+import { useOptimisticPatch } from '../../../hooks/useOptimisticPatch';
 import {
 	addSectionOp,
 	newGridLayout,
@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ import { useDashboardStore } from '../../../store/useDashboardStore';
 const SECTION_SELECTOR = '[data-testid^="dashboard-section-"]';
 
 /**
- * Waits (via rAF) for the refetch to render the appended section, then scrolls
- * it into view. Polls because `refetch` resolves before React commits the new
- * section to the DOM; bails after ~40 frames.
+ * Waits (via rAF) for the appended section to render, then scrolls it into view.
+ * Polls because the optimistic cache write commits to the DOM a frame or two after
+ * the patch call; bails after ~40 frames.
  */
 function scrollToNewSection(prevCount: number, attempts = 40): void {
 	const sections = document.querySelectorAll(SECTION_SELECTOR);
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ interface Result {
  */
 export function useAddSection({ layouts }: Params): Result {
 	const dashboardId = useDashboardStore((s) => s.dashboardId);
-	const refetch = useDashboardStore((s) => s.refetch);
+	const { patchAsync } = useOptimisticPatch();
 	const [isSaving, setIsSaving] = useState(false);
 	const { showErrorModal } = useErrorModal();
 
@@ -66,8 +66,7 @@ export function useAddSection({ layouts }: Params): Result {
 			const prevSectionCount = document.querySelectorAll(SECTION_SELECTOR).length;
 			try {
 				setIsSaving(true);
-				await patchDashboardV2({ id: dashboardId }, [op]);
-				refetch();
+				await patchAsync([op]);
 				scrollToNewSection(prevSectionCount);
 			} catch (error) {
 				showErrorModal(error as APIError);
@@ -75,7 +74,7 @@ export function useAddSection({ layouts }: Params): Result {
 				setIsSaving(false);
 			}
 		},
-		[layouts, dashboardId, refetch, showErrorModal],
+		[layouts, dashboardId, patchAsync, showErrorModal],
 	);
 
 	return { addSection, isSaving };

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/PanelsAndSectionsLayout/Section/hooks/useDeleteSection.ts

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 import { useCallback, useState } from 'react';
 
-import { patchDashboardV2 } from 'api/generated/services/dashboard';
 import type { DashboardtypesJSONPatchOperationDTO } from 'api/generated/services/sigNoz.schemas';
 import { useErrorModal } from 'providers/ErrorModalProvider';
 import APIError from 'types/api/error';
 
+import { useOptimisticPatch } from '../../../hooks/useOptimisticPatch';
 import { removePanelOp, removeSectionOp } from '../../../patchOps';
 import { useDashboardStore } from '../../../store/useDashboardStore';
 import type { DashboardSection } from '../../../utils';
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ interface Result {
  */
 export function useDeleteSection({ section }: Params): Result {
 	const dashboardId = useDashboardStore((s) => s.dashboardId);
-	const refetch = useDashboardStore((s) => s.refetch);
+	const { patchAsync } = useOptimisticPatch();
 	const [isSaving, setIsSaving] = useState(false);
 	const { showErrorModal } = useErrorModal();
 
@@ -38,14 +38,13 @@ export function useDeleteSection({ section }: Params): Result {
 		ops.push(removeSectionOp(section.layoutIndex));
 		try {
 			setIsSaving(true);
-			await patchDashboardV2({ id: dashboardId }, ops);
-			refetch();
+			await patchAsync(ops);
 		} catch (error) {
 			showErrorModal(error as APIError);
 		} finally {
 			setIsSaving(false);
 		}
-	}, [section, dashboardId, refetch, showErrorModal]);
+	}, [section, dashboardId, patchAsync, showErrorModal]);
 
 	return { deleteSection, isSaving };
 }

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/PanelsAndSectionsLayout/Section/hooks/useFirstSectionMigration.ts

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 import { useCallback, useState } from 'react';
 
-import { patchDashboardV2 } from 'api/generated/services/dashboard';
 import type { DashboardtypesJSONPatchOperationDTO } from 'api/generated/services/sigNoz.schemas';
 import { useErrorModal } from 'providers/ErrorModalProvider';
 import APIError from 'types/api/error';
 
+import { useOptimisticPatch } from '../../../hooks/useOptimisticPatch';
 import { addSectionOp, titleUntitledSectionOp } from '../../../patchOps';
 import { useDashboardStore } from '../../../store/useDashboardStore';
 import type { DashboardSection } from '../../../utils';
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ interface Result {
  */
 export function useFirstSectionMigration({ sections }: Params): Result {
 	const dashboardId = useDashboardStore((s) => s.dashboardId);
-	const refetch = useDashboardStore((s) => s.refetch);
+	const { patchAsync } = useOptimisticPatch();
 	const [isSaving, setIsSaving] = useState(false);
 	const { showErrorModal } = useErrorModal();
 
@@ -49,15 +49,14 @@ export function useFirstSectionMigration({ sections }: Params): Result {
 
 			try {
 				setIsSaving(true);
-				await patchDashboardV2({ id: dashboardId }, ops);
-				refetch();
+				await patchAsync(ops);
 			} catch (error) {
 				showErrorModal(error as APIError);
 			} finally {
 				setIsSaving(false);
 			}
 		},
-		[sections, dashboardId, refetch, showErrorModal],
+		[sections, dashboardId, patchAsync, showErrorModal],
 	);
 
 	return { migrate, isSaving };

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/PanelsAndSectionsLayout/Section/hooks/usePersistLayout.ts

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 import { useCallback, useState } from 'react';
 import type { Layout } from 'react-grid-layout';
 
-import { patchDashboardV2 } from 'api/generated/services/dashboard';
 import { useErrorModal } from 'providers/ErrorModalProvider';
 import APIError from 'types/api/error';
 
+import { useOptimisticPatch } from '../../../hooks/useOptimisticPatch';
 import { replaceSectionItemsOp } from '../../../patchOps';
 import { useDashboardStore } from '../../../store/useDashboardStore';
 import type { GridItem } from '../../../utils';
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ function hasGeometryChanged(next: GridItem[], prev: GridItem[]): boolean {
  */
 export function usePersistLayout({ layoutIndex, items }: Params): Result {
 	const dashboardId = useDashboardStore((s) => s.dashboardId);
-	const refetch = useDashboardStore((s) => s.refetch);
+	const { patchAsync } = useOptimisticPatch();
 	const [isSaving, setIsSaving] = useState(false);
 	const { showErrorModal } = useErrorModal();
 
@@ -80,17 +80,14 @@ export function usePersistLayout({ layoutIndex, items }: Params): Result {
 			}
 			try {
 				setIsSaving(true);
-				await patchDashboardV2({ id: dashboardId }, [
-					replaceSectionItemsOp(layoutIndex, nextItems),
-				]);
-				refetch();
+				await patchAsync([replaceSectionItemsOp(layoutIndex, nextItems)]);
 			} catch (error) {
 				showErrorModal(error as APIError);
 			} finally {
 				setIsSaving(false);
 			}
 		},
-		[dashboardId, items, layoutIndex, refetch, showErrorModal],
+		[dashboardId, items, layoutIndex, patchAsync, showErrorModal],
 	);
 
 	return { handleLayoutChange, isSaving };

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/PanelsAndSectionsLayout/Section/hooks/useRenameSection.ts

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import { useCallback, useState } from 'react';
 
-import { patchDashboardV2 } from 'api/generated/services/dashboard';
 import { useErrorModal } from 'providers/ErrorModalProvider';
 import APIError from 'types/api/error';
 
+import { useOptimisticPatch } from '../../../hooks/useOptimisticPatch';
 import { renameSectionOp } from '../../../patchOps';
 import { useDashboardStore } from '../../../store/useDashboardStore';
 
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ interface Result {
 /** Renames a section's title via `replace /spec/layouts/<i>/spec/display/title`. */
 export function useRenameSection({ layoutIndex }: Params): Result {
 	const dashboardId = useDashboardStore((s) => s.dashboardId);
-	const refetch = useDashboardStore((s) => s.refetch);
+	const { patchAsync } = useOptimisticPatch();
 	const [isSaving, setIsSaving] = useState(false);
 	const { showErrorModal } = useErrorModal();
 
@@ -31,10 +31,7 @@ export function useRenameSection({ layoutIndex }: Params): Result {
 			}
 			try {
 				setIsSaving(true);
-				await patchDashboardV2({ id: dashboardId }, [
-					renameSectionOp(layoutIndex, trimmed),
-				]);
-				refetch();
+				await patchAsync([renameSectionOp(layoutIndex, trimmed)]);
 				return true;
 			} catch (error) {
 				showErrorModal(error as APIError);
@@ -43,7 +40,7 @@ export function useRenameSection({ layoutIndex }: Params): Result {
 				setIsSaving(false);
 			}
 		},
-		[dashboardId, layoutIndex, refetch, showErrorModal],
+		[dashboardId, layoutIndex, patchAsync, showErrorModal],
 	);
 
 	return { rename, isSaving };

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/PanelsAndSectionsLayout/Section/hooks/useSectionDragReorder.ts

@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@ import {
 } from '@dnd-kit/core';
 import { arrayMove, sortableKeyboardCoordinates } from '@dnd-kit/sortable';
 
-import { patchDashboardV2 } from 'api/generated/services/dashboard';
 import type { DashboardtypesLayoutDTO } from 'api/generated/services/sigNoz.schemas';
 import { useErrorModal } from 'providers/ErrorModalProvider';
 import APIError from 'types/api/error';
 
+import { useOptimisticPatch } from '../../../hooks/useOptimisticPatch';
 import { reorderLayoutsOp } from '../../../patchOps';
 import { useDashboardStore } from '../../../store/useDashboardStore';
 import type { DashboardSection } from '../../../utils';
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ interface Result {
  */
 export function useSectionDragReorder({ sections, layouts }: Params): Result {
 	const dashboardId = useDashboardStore((s) => s.dashboardId);
-	const refetch = useDashboardStore((s) => s.refetch);
+	const { patchAsync } = useOptimisticPatch();
 	const [activeId, setActiveId] = useState<string | null>(null);
 	const [localOrderIds, setLocalOrderIds] = useState<string[] | null>(null);
 	const { showErrorModal } = useErrorModal();
@@ -99,14 +99,13 @@ export function useSectionDragReorder({ sections, layouts }: Params): Result {
 				.filter((l): l is DashboardtypesLayoutDTO => l !== undefined);
 
 			try {
-				await patchDashboardV2({ id: dashboardId }, [reorderLayoutsOp(newLayouts)]);
-				refetch();
+				await patchAsync([reorderLayoutsOp(newLayouts)]);
 			} catch (error) {
 				setLocalOrderIds(null); // revert optimistic order on failure
 				showErrorModal(error as APIError);
 			}
 		},
-		[orderedSections, layouts, dashboardId, refetch, showErrorModal],
+		[orderedSections, layouts, dashboardId, patchAsync, showErrorModal],
 	);
 
 	const activeSection = useMemo(

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/hooks/__tests__/useOptimisticPatch.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+import { renderHook } from '@testing-library/react';
+import { useMutation, useQueryClient } from 'react-query';
+// eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-imports -- the hook's own test mocks and asserts the underlying patchDashboardV2 call.
+import { patchDashboardV2 } from 'api/generated/services/dashboard';
+import type { GetDashboardV2200 } from 'api/generated/services/sigNoz.schemas';
+import { DashboardtypesPatchOpDTO } from 'api/generated/services/sigNoz.schemas';
+
+import { useOptimisticPatch } from '../useOptimisticPatch';
+
+const QUERY_KEY = ['/api/v2/dashboards/dash-1'];
+
+jest.mock('react-query', () => ({
+	useMutation: jest.fn(),
+	useQueryClient: jest.fn(),
+}));
+
+jest.mock('api/generated/services/dashboard', () => ({
+	patchDashboardV2: jest.fn(),
+	getGetDashboardV2QueryKey: jest.fn(() => ['/api/v2/dashboards/dash-1']),
+}));
+
+jest.mock('../../store/useDashboardStore', () => ({
+	useDashboardStore: jest.fn(
+		(selector: (s: { dashboardId: string }) => unknown) =>
+			selector({ dashboardId: 'dash-1' }),
+	),
+}));
+
+const queryClient = {
+	cancelQueries: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
+	getQueryData: jest.fn(),
+	setQueryData: jest.fn(),
+	invalidateQueries: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
+};
+
+// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+let captured: { fn: (ops: any) => unknown; options: any };
+
+function dashboardEnvelope(name: string): GetDashboardV2200 {
+	return {
+		data: { spec: { display: { name } } },
+	} as unknown as GetDashboardV2200;
+}
+
+const replaceNameOp = {
+	op: DashboardtypesPatchOpDTO.replace,
+	path: '/spec/display/name',
+	value: 'B',
+};
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+	jest.clearAllMocks();
+	(useQueryClient as jest.Mock).mockReturnValue(queryClient);
+	(useMutation as jest.Mock).mockImplementation((fn, options) => {
+		captured = { fn, options };
+		return { mutateAsync: jest.fn(), isLoading: false };
+	});
+	renderHook(() => useOptimisticPatch());
+});
+
+describe('useOptimisticPatch', () => {
+	it('mutationFn sends the ops to patchDashboardV2 for the current dashboard', () => {
+		captured.fn([replaceNameOp]);
+		expect(patchDashboardV2).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ id: 'dash-1' }, [
+			replaceNameOp,
+		]);
+	});
+
+	it('onMutate cancels fetches, snapshots, and writes the patched dashboard to the cache', async () => {
+		const previous = dashboardEnvelope('A');
+		queryClient.getQueryData.mockReturnValue(previous);
+
+		const context = await captured.options.onMutate([replaceNameOp]);
+
+		expect(queryClient.cancelQueries).toHaveBeenCalledWith(QUERY_KEY);
+		// Optimistic write reflects the op immediately.
+		expect(queryClient.setQueryData).toHaveBeenCalledWith(QUERY_KEY, {
+			data: { spec: { display: { name: 'B' } } },
+		});
+		// Snapshot returned for rollback; original left untouched.
+		expect(context).toStrictEqual({ previous });
+		expect(previous.data).toStrictEqual({ spec: { display: { name: 'A' } } });
+	});
+
+	it('onMutate is a no-op write when there is no cached dashboard', async () => {
+		queryClient.getQueryData.mockReturnValue(undefined);
+		const context = await captured.options.onMutate([replaceNameOp]);
+		expect(queryClient.setQueryData).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+		expect(context).toStrictEqual({ previous: undefined });
+	});
+
+	it('onError rolls the cache back to the snapshot', () => {
+		const previous = dashboardEnvelope('A');
+		captured.options.onError(new Error('boom'), [replaceNameOp], { previous });
+		expect(queryClient.setQueryData).toHaveBeenCalledWith(QUERY_KEY, previous);
+	});
+
+	it('onError without a snapshot does not touch the cache', () => {
+		captured.options.onError(new Error('boom'), [replaceNameOp], {});
+		expect(queryClient.setQueryData).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+	});
+
+	it('onSettled invalidates the dashboard query to reconcile', () => {
+		captured.options.onSettled();
+		expect(queryClient.invalidateQueries).toHaveBeenCalledWith(QUERY_KEY);
+	});
+});

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/hooks/useOptimisticPatch.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+import { useMutation, useQueryClient } from 'react-query';
+import {
+	getGetDashboardV2QueryKey,
+	// eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-imports -- this hook is the one sanctioned caller of patchDashboardV2; everything else goes through patchAsync.
+	patchDashboardV2,
+} from 'api/generated/services/dashboard';
+import type {
+	DashboardtypesJSONPatchOperationDTO,
+	GetDashboardV2200,
+} from 'api/generated/services/sigNoz.schemas';
+import APIError from 'types/api/error';
+
+import { applyJsonPatch } from '../optimistic/applyJsonPatch';
+import { useDashboardStore } from '../store/useDashboardStore';
+
+/** Cached dashboard snapshot, kept for rollback on error. */
+interface OptimisticPatchContext {
+	previous?: GetDashboardV2200;
+}
+
+export interface UseOptimisticPatch {
+	patchAsync: (ops: DashboardtypesJSONPatchOperationDTO[]) => Promise<unknown>;
+	isPatching: boolean;
+	error: Error | null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Central optimistic mutation for V2 dashboard spec edits: writes the ops to the
+ * cached dashboard immediately, rolls back on error, reconciles on settle.
+ * `dashboardId` defaults to the edit-context store; the panel editor passes its own.
+ */
+export function useOptimisticPatch(
+	dashboardIdOverride?: string,
+): UseOptimisticPatch {
+	const storeDashboardId = useDashboardStore((s) => s.dashboardId);
+	const dashboardId = dashboardIdOverride ?? storeDashboardId;
+	const queryClient = useQueryClient();
+	const queryKey = getGetDashboardV2QueryKey({ id: dashboardId });
+
+	const mutation = useMutation<
+		Awaited<ReturnType<typeof patchDashboardV2>>,
+		APIError,
+		DashboardtypesJSONPatchOperationDTO[],
+		OptimisticPatchContext
+	>((ops) => patchDashboardV2({ id: dashboardId }, ops), {
+		onMutate: async (ops) => {
+			await queryClient.cancelQueries(queryKey);
+			const previous = queryClient.getQueryData<GetDashboardV2200>(queryKey);
+			if (previous?.data) {
+				// Ops are rooted at the DTO's `/spec`, so patch `.data`, keep the envelope.
+				queryClient.setQueryData<GetDashboardV2200>(queryKey, {
+					...previous,
+					data: applyJsonPatch(previous.data, ops),
+				});
+			}
+			return { previous };
+		},
+		onError: (_error, _ops, context) => {
+			if (context?.previous) {
+				queryClient.setQueryData(queryKey, context.previous);
+			}
+		},
+		onSettled: () => {
+			void queryClient.invalidateQueries(queryKey);
+		},
+	});
+
+	return {
+		patchAsync: mutation.mutateAsync,
+		isPatching: mutation.isLoading,
+		error: mutation.error ?? null,
+	};
+}

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/optimistic/__tests__/applyJsonPatch.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+import type { DashboardtypesJSONPatchOperationDTO } from 'api/generated/services/sigNoz.schemas';
+import { DashboardtypesPatchOpDTO } from 'api/generated/services/sigNoz.schemas';
+
+import { applyJsonPatch } from '../applyJsonPatch';
+
+const { add, replace, remove, move, test: testOp } = DashboardtypesPatchOpDTO;
+
+function op(
+	o: DashboardtypesPatchOpDTO,
+	path: string,
+	value?: unknown,
+): DashboardtypesJSONPatchOperationDTO {
+	return { op: o, path, value };
+}
+
+// A trimmed dashboard-spec shape; the applier is structural, so this stands in
+// for the full DTO.
+function spec(): Record<string, unknown> {
+	return {
+		spec: {
+			display: { name: 'dash' },
+			panels: { p1: { spec: { display: { name: 'A' } } } },
+			layouts: [
+				{ spec: { display: { title: 'S1' }, items: [{ x: 0 }] } },
+				{ spec: { items: [] } },
+			],
+			variables: [{ name: 'env' }],
+		},
+	};
+}
+
+describe('applyJsonPatch', () => {
+	it('does not mutate the input document', () => {
+		const doc = spec();
+		const snapshot = JSON.stringify(doc);
+		applyJsonPatch(doc, [op(replace, '/spec/display/name', 'renamed')]);
+		expect(JSON.stringify(doc)).toBe(snapshot);
+	});
+
+	it('replaces a leaf string', () => {
+		const next = applyJsonPatch(spec(), [
+			op(replace, '/spec/layouts/0/spec/display/title', 'S1-renamed'),
+		]);
+		const layouts = (next.spec as any).layouts;
+		expect(layouts[0].spec.display.title).toBe('S1-renamed');
+	});
+
+	it('adds a new object member (panel by id)', () => {
+		const next = applyJsonPatch(spec(), [
+			op(add, '/spec/panels/p2', { spec: { display: { name: 'B' } } }),
+		]);
+		expect((next.spec as any).panels.p2.spec.display.name).toBe('B');
+		// existing member untouched
+		expect((next.spec as any).panels.p1.spec.display.name).toBe('A');
+	});
+
+	it('appends to an array with the "-" token', () => {
+		const next = applyJsonPatch(spec(), [
+			op(add, '/spec/layouts/-', { spec: { items: [] } }),
+		]);
+		expect((next.spec as any).layouts).toHaveLength(3);
+	});
+
+	it('appends an item into a nested section array', () => {
+		const next = applyJsonPatch(spec(), [
+			op(add, '/spec/layouts/1/spec/items/-', { x: 5 }),
+		]);
+		expect((next.spec as any).layouts[1].spec.items).toStrictEqual([{ x: 5 }]);
+	});
+
+	it('replaces a whole array', () => {
+		const next = applyJsonPatch(spec(), [
+			op(replace, '/spec/variables', [{ name: 'region' }, { name: 'pod' }]),
+		]);
+		expect((next.spec as any).variables).toStrictEqual([
+			{ name: 'region' },
+			{ name: 'pod' },
+		]);
+	});
+
+	it('removes an array element by index (section)', () => {
+		const next = applyJsonPatch(spec(), [op(remove, '/spec/layouts/0')]);
+		const layouts = (next.spec as any).layouts;
+		expect(layouts).toHaveLength(1);
+		expect(layouts[0].spec.items).toStrictEqual([]);
+	});
+
+	it('removes an object member (panel by id)', () => {
+		const next = applyJsonPatch(spec(), [op(remove, '/spec/panels/p1')]);
+		expect((next.spec as any).panels).toStrictEqual({});
+	});
+
+	it('adds a missing object parent for an add op (title untitled section)', () => {
+		const next = applyJsonPatch(spec(), [
+			op(add, '/spec/layouts/1/spec/display', { title: 'S2' }),
+		]);
+		expect((next.spec as any).layouts[1].spec.display).toStrictEqual({
+			title: 'S2',
+		});
+	});
+
+	it('is lenient: remove on a missing path is a no-op', () => {
+		const next = applyJsonPatch(spec(), [op(remove, '/spec/panels/ghost')]);
+		expect((next.spec as any).panels.p1).toBeDefined();
+	});
+
+	it('is lenient: a path through a missing node is skipped', () => {
+		const next = applyJsonPatch(spec(), [op(replace, '/spec/nope/deep/leaf', 1)]);
+		expect(next).toStrictEqual(spec());
+	});
+
+	it('unescapes ~1 and ~0 in reference tokens', () => {
+		const doc = { spec: { m: { 'a/b': 1, 'c~d': 2 } } };
+		const next = applyJsonPatch(doc, [
+			op(replace, '/spec/m/a~1b', 9),
+			op(replace, '/spec/m/c~0d', 8),
+		]);
+		expect(next.spec.m).toStrictEqual({ 'a/b': 9, 'c~d': 8 });
+	});
+
+	it('applies multiple ops in order', () => {
+		const next = applyJsonPatch(spec(), [
+			op(add, '/spec/panels/p2', { spec: {} }),
+			op(remove, '/spec/panels/p1'),
+			op(replace, '/spec/display/name', 'z'),
+		]);
+		expect(Object.keys((next.spec as any).panels)).toStrictEqual(['p2']);
+		expect((next.spec as any).display.name).toBe('z');
+	});
+
+	it('treats move/copy/test as no-ops', () => {
+		const next = applyJsonPatch(spec(), [
+			op(move, '/spec/display/name'),
+			op(testOp, '/spec/display/name', 'dash'),
+		]);
+		expect(next).toStrictEqual(spec());
+	});
+});

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/optimistic/applyJsonPatch.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+import type { DashboardtypesJSONPatchOperationDTO } from 'api/generated/services/sigNoz.schemas';
+import { DashboardtypesPatchOpDTO } from 'api/generated/services/sigNoz.schemas';
+import { cloneDeep } from 'lodash-es';
+
+/**
+ * Applies the RFC-6902 ops our `patchOps` builders emit to a document, so a
+ * dashboard edit can be reflected in the react-query cache optimistically before
+ * the server responds. Pure: deep-clones and returns a new document, never
+ * mutating the input.
+ *
+ * Deliberately lenient — mirrors the backend's apply (a `remove`/`replace` on a
+ * missing path is a no-op, `add` creates missing object parents) rather than
+ * throwing as strict RFC-6902 would. This is safe because the mutation always
+ * refetches on settle, so any mis-applied edge op self-corrects; the applier only
+ * needs to be right for the common case to kill the perceived lag.
+ *
+ * Scope: `add` / `replace` / `remove` (the only ops the builders produce).
+ * `move` / `copy` / `test` are never emitted, so they are treated as no-ops.
+ */
+export function applyJsonPatch<T>(
+	doc: T,
+	ops: DashboardtypesJSONPatchOperationDTO[],
+): T {
+	const next = cloneDeep(doc);
+	ops.forEach((op) => applyOperation(next as unknown, op));
+	return next;
+}
+
+type JsonRecord = Record<string, unknown>;
+
+function isArray(value: unknown): value is unknown[] {
+	return Array.isArray(value);
+}
+
+function isRecord(value: unknown): value is JsonRecord {
+	return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value);
+}
+
+/** Unescape one JSON-Pointer reference token (RFC-6901): `~1`→`/`, `~0`→`~`. */
+function unescapeToken(token: string): string {
+	return token.replace(/~1/g, '/').replace(/~0/g, '~');
+}
+
+/** Parse a JSON Pointer into its reference tokens (`""`/`"/"` → root, `[]`). */
+function parsePointer(path: string): string[] {
+	if (!path || path === '/') {
+		return [];
+	}
+	return path.slice(1).split('/').map(unescapeToken);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Walks to the container that holds the pointer's last token. Returns `undefined`
+ * when the path can't be resolved (lenient skip). For `add`, missing intermediate
+ * object nodes are created (backend parity); array steps are never auto-created.
+ */
+function navigateToParent(
+	root: unknown,
+	tokens: string[],
+	createMissing: boolean,
+): unknown {
+	let current: unknown = root;
+	for (let i = 0; i < tokens.length - 1; i += 1) {
+		const token = tokens[i];
+		if (isArray(current)) {
+			const index = token === '-' ? current.length : Number(token);
+			current = current[index];
+		} else if (isRecord(current)) {
+			if (current[token] === undefined && createMissing) {
+				current[token] = {};
+			}
+			current = current[token];
+		} else {
+			return undefined;
+		}
+		if (current === undefined || current === null) {
+			return undefined;
+		}
+	}
+	return current;
+}
+
+/** `add`: array-insert (`-` = append) or object-set. */
+function addAt(parent: unknown, key: string, value: unknown): void {
+	if (isArray(parent)) {
+		const index = key === '-' ? parent.length : Number(key);
+		parent.splice(index, 0, value);
+	} else if (isRecord(parent)) {
+		parent[key] = value;
+	}
+}
+
+/** `replace`: overwrite an in-range array index or an object key. */
+function replaceAt(parent: unknown, key: string, value: unknown): void {
+	if (isArray(parent)) {
+		const index = Number(key);
+		if (index >= 0 && index < parent.length) {
+			parent[index] = value;
+		}
+	} else if (isRecord(parent)) {
+		parent[key] = value;
+	}
+}
+
+/** `remove`: splice an in-range array index or delete an object key (lenient). */
+function removeAt(parent: unknown, key: string): void {
+	if (isArray(parent)) {
+		const index = Number(key);
+		if (index >= 0 && index < parent.length) {
+			parent.splice(index, 1);
+		}
+	} else if (isRecord(parent)) {
+		delete parent[key];
+	}
+}
+
+function applyOperation(
+	root: unknown,
+	op: DashboardtypesJSONPatchOperationDTO,
+): void {
+	const tokens = parsePointer(op.path);
+	// Whole-document ops would need to reassign the root reference — our builders
+	// never target root, so skip rather than complicate the contract.
+	if (tokens.length === 0) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	const parent = navigateToParent(
+		root,
+		tokens,
+		op.op === DashboardtypesPatchOpDTO.add,
+	);
+	if (parent === undefined || parent === null) {
+		return;
+	}
+	const key = tokens[tokens.length - 1];
+
+	// move / copy / test are never emitted by our builders → no-op (reconciled by refetch).
+	if (op.op === DashboardtypesPatchOpDTO.add) {
+		addAt(parent, key, op.value);
+	} else if (op.op === DashboardtypesPatchOpDTO.replace) {
+		replaceAt(parent, key, op.value);
+	} else if (op.op === DashboardtypesPatchOpDTO.remove) {
+		removeAt(parent, key);
+	}
+}

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/queryV5/__tests__/persesQueryAdapters.test.ts

@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
-import type { DashboardtypesQueryDTO } from 'api/generated/services/sigNoz.schemas';
+import type {
+	DashboardtypesQueryDTO,
+	Querybuildertypesv5QueryEnvelopeDTO,
+} from 'api/generated/services/sigNoz.schemas';
 import { initialQueriesMap, PANEL_TYPES } from 'constants/queryBuilder';
 import type { Query } from 'types/api/queryBuilder/queryBuilderData';
 import { EQueryType } from 'types/common/dashboard';
 import { DataSource } from 'types/common/queryBuilder';
 
-import { fromPerses, toPerses } from '../persesQueryAdapters';
+import { envelopesToQuery, fromPerses, toPerses } from '../persesQueryAdapters';
 
 /** A bare perses query (single plugin, not wrapped in a CompositeQuery). */
 function bareQuery(
@@ -58,6 +61,26 @@ describe('persesQueryAdapters', () => {
 		});
 	});
 
+	describe('envelopesToQuery', () => {
+		it('returns the metrics default for an empty envelope list', () => {
+			expect(envelopesToQuery([], PANEL_TYPES.TIME_SERIES)).toStrictEqual(
+				initialQueriesMap[DataSource.METRICS],
+			);
+		});
+
+		it('maps a promql envelope to a PromQL query', () => {
+			const envelopes: Querybuildertypesv5QueryEnvelopeDTO[] = [
+				{
+					type: 'promql',
+					spec: { name: 'A', query: 'up', disabled: false },
+				} as unknown as Querybuildertypesv5QueryEnvelopeDTO,
+			];
+			expect(envelopesToQuery(envelopes, PANEL_TYPES.TIME_SERIES).queryType).toBe(
+				EQueryType.PROM,
+			);
+		});
+	});
+
 	describe('toPerses', () => {
 		it('wraps the query in a single signoz/CompositeQuery keyed to the panel request type', () => {
 			const result = toPerses(

frontend/src/pages/DashboardPageV2/DashboardContainer/queryV5/persesQueryAdapters.ts

@@ -74,14 +74,14 @@ export function deriveQueryType(
 }
 
 /**
- * Perses panel queries → V1 `Query` (to seed the query builder), via the V5 envelope
- * list + `mapQueryDataFromApi`. An empty panel opens on a fresh metrics builder query.
+ * V5 query-envelope list → V1 `Query`, via `mapQueryDataFromApi`. An empty list opens
+ * on a fresh metrics builder query. Used by `fromPerses` and by the envelopes a
+ * `/substitute_vars` round-trip returns with dashboard variables resolved.
  */
-export function fromPerses(
-	queries: DashboardtypesQueryDTO[],
+export function envelopesToQuery(
+	envelopes: Querybuildertypesv5QueryEnvelopeDTO[],
 	panelType: PANEL_TYPES,
 ): Query {
-	const envelopes = toQueryEnvelopes(queries);
 	if (envelopes.length === 0) {
 		return initialQueriesMap[DataSource.METRICS];
 	}
@@ -99,6 +99,17 @@ export function fromPerses(
 	return mapQueryDataFromApi(composite);
 }
 
+/**
+ * Perses panel queries → V1 `Query` (to seed the query builder), via the V5 envelope
+ * list + `mapQueryDataFromApi`. An empty panel opens on a fresh metrics builder query.
+ */
+export function fromPerses(
+	queries: DashboardtypesQueryDTO[],
+	panelType: PANEL_TYPES,
+): Query {
+	return envelopesToQuery(toQueryEnvelopes(queries), panelType);
+}
+
 /**
  * V1 `Query` → perses panel queries (to write the builder result back to the editor
  * draft). Wrapped in a single `signoz/CompositeQuery` to satisfy the

pkg/modules/metricsexplorer/implmetricsexplorer/module.go

@@ -1100,24 +1100,25 @@ func (m *module) fetchMetricsStatsWithSamples(
 		reducedSumSB.Where(reducedSumSB.Between("unix_milli", req.Start, req.End))
 		reducedSumSB.Where("NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz')")
 
-		if filterWhereClause == nil {
-			reducedTsSB.From(fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s", telemetrymetrics.DBName, telemetrymetrics.TimeseriesV4ReducedTableName))
-			reducedTsSB.Where(reducedTsSB.Between("unix_milli", start, end))
-			reducedTsSB.Where("NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz')")
-			reducedTsSB.GroupBy("metric_name")
-		} else {
+		// separate query for reduced series counts
+		reducedTsSB.From(fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s", telemetrymetrics.DBName, telemetrymetrics.TimeseriesV4ReducedTableName))
+		reducedTsSB.Where(reducedTsSB.Between("unix_milli", start, end))
+		reducedTsSB.Where("NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz')")
+		reducedTsSB.GroupBy("metric_name")
+
+		if filterWhereClause != nil {
+			reducedTsSB.AddWhereClause(sqlbuilder.CopyWhereClause(filterWhereClause))
+
+			// samples uses a separate cte with local table
 			reducedFpSB := sqlbuilder.NewSelectBuilder()
-			reducedFpSB.Select("metric_name", "fingerprint")
-			reducedFpSB.From(fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s", telemetrymetrics.DBName, telemetrymetrics.TimeseriesV4ReducedTableName))
+			reducedFpSB.Select("fingerprint")
+			reducedFpSB.From(fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s", telemetrymetrics.DBName, telemetrymetrics.TimeseriesV4ReducedLocalTableName))
 			reducedFpSB.Where(reducedFpSB.Between("unix_milli", start, end))
 			reducedFpSB.Where("NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz')")
 			reducedFpSB.AddWhereClause(sqlbuilder.CopyWhereClause(filterWhereClause))
-			reducedFpSB.GroupBy("metric_name", "fingerprint")
+			reducedFpSB.GroupBy("fingerprint")
 			ctes = append(ctes, sqlbuilder.CTEQuery("__reduced_filtered_fingerprints").As(reducedFpSB))
 
-			reducedTsSB.From("__reduced_filtered_fingerprints")
-			reducedTsSB.GroupBy("metric_name")
-
 			reducedLastSB.Where("reduced_fingerprint IN (SELECT fingerprint FROM __reduced_filtered_fingerprints)")
 			reducedSumSB.Where("reduced_fingerprint IN (SELECT fingerprint FROM __reduced_filtered_fingerprints)")
 		}
@@ -1422,7 +1423,7 @@ func (m *module) computeSamplesTreemap(ctx context.Context, orgID valuer.UUID, r
 		if reductionEnabled {
 			reducedFingerprintSB := sqlbuilder.NewSelectBuilder()
 			reducedFingerprintSB.Select("fingerprint")
-			reducedFingerprintSB.From(fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s", telemetrymetrics.DBName, telemetrymetrics.TimeseriesV4ReducedTableName))
+			reducedFingerprintSB.From(fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s", telemetrymetrics.DBName, telemetrymetrics.TimeseriesV4ReducedLocalTableName))
 			reducedFingerprintSB.Where(reducedFingerprintSB.Between("unix_milli", start, end))
 			reducedFingerprintSB.Where("NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz')")
 			reducedFingerprintSB.AddWhereClause(sqlbuilder.CopyWhereClause(filterWhereClause))

pkg/modules/metricsexplorer/implmetricsexplorer/module_test.go

@@ -32,11 +32,11 @@ const (
 	testEndMillis                  int64 = 1700003600000 // +1h
 	statsNoFilterSQL                     = "WITH __time_series_counts AS (SELECT metric_name, uniq(fingerprint) AS timeseries FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_time_series_v4 WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') GROUP BY metric_name), __sample_counts AS (SELECT metric_name, count(*) AS samples FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4 WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') AND metric_name IN (SELECT DISTINCT metric_name FROM signoz_metrics.time_series_v4 WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz')) GROUP BY metric_name), __reduced_time_series_counts AS (SELECT metric_name, uniq(fingerprint) AS timeseries FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_time_series_v4_reduced WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') GROUP BY metric_name), __reduced_sample_counts AS (SELECT metric_name, sum(cnt) AS samples FROM ((SELECT metric_name, uniq(reduced_fingerprint, unix_milli) AS cnt FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_reduced_last_60s WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') GROUP BY metric_name) UNION ALL (SELECT metric_name, uniq(reduced_fingerprint, unix_milli) AS cnt FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_reduced_sum_60s WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') GROUP BY metric_name)) AS reduced_samples GROUP BY metric_name) SELECT COALESCE(ts.metric_name, rts.metric_name, s.metric_name, rs.metric_name) AS metric_name, COALESCE(ts.timeseries, 0) + COALESCE(rts.timeseries, 0) AS timeseries, COALESCE(s.samples, 0) + COALESCE(rs.samples, 0) AS samples, COUNT(*) OVER() AS total FROM __time_series_counts ts FULL OUTER JOIN __reduced_time_series_counts rts ON ts.metric_name = rts.metric_name FULL OUTER JOIN __sample_counts s ON COALESCE(ts.metric_name, rts.metric_name) = s.metric_name FULL OUTER JOIN __reduced_sample_counts rs ON COALESCE(ts.metric_name, rts.metric_name, s.metric_name) = rs.metric_name WHERE (COALESCE(ts.timeseries, 0) + COALESCE(rts.timeseries, 0) > 0 OR COALESCE(s.samples, 0) + COALESCE(rs.samples, 0) > 0) ORDER BY samples DESC, metric_name ASC LIMIT ? OFFSET ? SETTINGS join_use_nulls = 1"
 	statsOrderTimeseriesSQL              = "WITH __time_series_counts AS (SELECT metric_name, uniq(fingerprint) AS timeseries FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_time_series_v4 WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') GROUP BY metric_name), __sample_counts AS (SELECT metric_name, count(*) AS samples FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4 WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') AND metric_name IN (SELECT DISTINCT metric_name FROM signoz_metrics.time_series_v4 WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz')) GROUP BY metric_name), __reduced_time_series_counts AS (SELECT metric_name, uniq(fingerprint) AS timeseries FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_time_series_v4_reduced WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') GROUP BY metric_name), __reduced_sample_counts AS (SELECT metric_name, sum(cnt) AS samples FROM ((SELECT metric_name, uniq(reduced_fingerprint, unix_milli) AS cnt FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_reduced_last_60s WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') GROUP BY metric_name) UNION ALL (SELECT metric_name, uniq(reduced_fingerprint, unix_milli) AS cnt FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_reduced_sum_60s WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') GROUP BY metric_name)) AS reduced_samples GROUP BY metric_name) SELECT COALESCE(ts.metric_name, rts.metric_name, s.metric_name, rs.metric_name) AS metric_name, COALESCE(ts.timeseries, 0) + COALESCE(rts.timeseries, 0) AS timeseries, COALESCE(s.samples, 0) + COALESCE(rs.samples, 0) AS samples, COUNT(*) OVER() AS total FROM __time_series_counts ts FULL OUTER JOIN __reduced_time_series_counts rts ON ts.metric_name = rts.metric_name FULL OUTER JOIN __sample_counts s ON COALESCE(ts.metric_name, rts.metric_name) = s.metric_name FULL OUTER JOIN __reduced_sample_counts rs ON COALESCE(ts.metric_name, rts.metric_name, s.metric_name) = rs.metric_name WHERE (COALESCE(ts.timeseries, 0) + COALESCE(rts.timeseries, 0) > 0 OR COALESCE(s.samples, 0) + COALESCE(rs.samples, 0) > 0) ORDER BY timeseries ASC, metric_name ASC LIMIT ? OFFSET ? SETTINGS join_use_nulls = 1"
-	statsWithFilterSQL                   = "WITH __time_series_counts AS (SELECT metric_name, uniq(fingerprint) AS timeseries FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_time_series_v4 WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') AND JSONExtractString(labels, 'host.name') = ? GROUP BY metric_name), __filtered_fingerprints AS (SELECT fingerprint FROM signoz_metrics.time_series_v4 WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') AND JSONExtractString(labels, 'host.name') = ? GROUP BY fingerprint), __sample_counts AS (SELECT metric_name, count(*) AS samples FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4 WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') AND fingerprint IN (SELECT fingerprint FROM __filtered_fingerprints) GROUP BY metric_name), __reduced_filtered_fingerprints AS (SELECT metric_name, fingerprint FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_time_series_v4_reduced WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') AND JSONExtractString(labels, 'host.name') = ? GROUP BY metric_name, fingerprint), __reduced_time_series_counts AS (SELECT metric_name, uniq(fingerprint) AS timeseries FROM __reduced_filtered_fingerprints GROUP BY metric_name), __reduced_sample_counts AS (SELECT metric_name, sum(cnt) AS samples FROM ((SELECT metric_name, uniq(reduced_fingerprint, unix_milli) AS cnt FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_reduced_last_60s WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') AND reduced_fingerprint IN (SELECT fingerprint FROM __reduced_filtered_fingerprints) GROUP BY metric_name) UNION ALL (SELECT metric_name, uniq(reduced_fingerprint, unix_milli) AS cnt FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_reduced_sum_60s WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') AND reduced_fingerprint IN (SELECT fingerprint FROM __reduced_filtered_fingerprints) GROUP BY metric_name)) AS reduced_samples GROUP BY metric_name) SELECT COALESCE(ts.metric_name, rts.metric_name, s.metric_name, rs.metric_name) AS metric_name, COALESCE(ts.timeseries, 0) + COALESCE(rts.timeseries, 0) AS timeseries, COALESCE(s.samples, 0) + COALESCE(rs.samples, 0) AS samples, COUNT(*) OVER() AS total FROM __time_series_counts ts FULL OUTER JOIN __reduced_time_series_counts rts ON ts.metric_name = rts.metric_name FULL OUTER JOIN __sample_counts s ON COALESCE(ts.metric_name, rts.metric_name) = s.metric_name FULL OUTER JOIN __reduced_sample_counts rs ON COALESCE(ts.metric_name, rts.metric_name, s.metric_name) = rs.metric_name WHERE (COALESCE(ts.timeseries, 0) + COALESCE(rts.timeseries, 0) > 0 OR COALESCE(s.samples, 0) + COALESCE(rs.samples, 0) > 0) ORDER BY samples DESC, metric_name ASC LIMIT ? OFFSET ? SETTINGS join_use_nulls = 1"
+	statsWithFilterSQL                   = "WITH __time_series_counts AS (SELECT metric_name, uniq(fingerprint) AS timeseries FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_time_series_v4 WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') AND JSONExtractString(labels, 'host.name') = ? GROUP BY metric_name), __filtered_fingerprints AS (SELECT fingerprint FROM signoz_metrics.time_series_v4 WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') AND JSONExtractString(labels, 'host.name') = ? GROUP BY fingerprint), __sample_counts AS (SELECT metric_name, count(*) AS samples FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4 WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') AND fingerprint IN (SELECT fingerprint FROM __filtered_fingerprints) GROUP BY metric_name), __reduced_filtered_fingerprints AS (SELECT fingerprint FROM signoz_metrics.time_series_v4_reduced WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') AND JSONExtractString(labels, 'host.name') = ? GROUP BY fingerprint), __reduced_time_series_counts AS (SELECT metric_name, uniq(fingerprint) AS timeseries FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_time_series_v4_reduced WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') AND JSONExtractString(labels, 'host.name') = ? GROUP BY metric_name), __reduced_sample_counts AS (SELECT metric_name, sum(cnt) AS samples FROM ((SELECT metric_name, uniq(reduced_fingerprint, unix_milli) AS cnt FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_reduced_last_60s WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') AND reduced_fingerprint IN (SELECT fingerprint FROM __reduced_filtered_fingerprints) GROUP BY metric_name) UNION ALL (SELECT metric_name, uniq(reduced_fingerprint, unix_milli) AS cnt FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_reduced_sum_60s WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') AND reduced_fingerprint IN (SELECT fingerprint FROM __reduced_filtered_fingerprints) GROUP BY metric_name)) AS reduced_samples GROUP BY metric_name) SELECT COALESCE(ts.metric_name, rts.metric_name, s.metric_name, rs.metric_name) AS metric_name, COALESCE(ts.timeseries, 0) + COALESCE(rts.timeseries, 0) AS timeseries, COALESCE(s.samples, 0) + COALESCE(rs.samples, 0) AS samples, COUNT(*) OVER() AS total FROM __time_series_counts ts FULL OUTER JOIN __reduced_time_series_counts rts ON ts.metric_name = rts.metric_name FULL OUTER JOIN __sample_counts s ON COALESCE(ts.metric_name, rts.metric_name) = s.metric_name FULL OUTER JOIN __reduced_sample_counts rs ON COALESCE(ts.metric_name, rts.metric_name, s.metric_name) = rs.metric_name WHERE (COALESCE(ts.timeseries, 0) + COALESCE(rts.timeseries, 0) > 0 OR COALESCE(s.samples, 0) + COALESCE(rs.samples, 0) > 0) ORDER BY samples DESC, metric_name ASC LIMIT ? OFFSET ? SETTINGS join_use_nulls = 1"
 	treemapTimeseriesNoFilterSQL         = "WITH __total_time_series AS (SELECT uniq(fingerprint) AS total_time_series FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_time_series_v4 WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ?), __metric_totals AS (SELECT metric_name, uniq(fingerprint) AS total_value FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_time_series_v4 WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') GROUP BY metric_name), __reduced_total_time_series AS (SELECT uniq(fingerprint) AS total_time_series FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_time_series_v4_reduced WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ?), __reduced_metric_totals AS (SELECT metric_name, uniq(fingerprint) AS total_value FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_time_series_v4_reduced WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') GROUP BY metric_name) SELECT COALESCE(mt.metric_name, rmt.metric_name) AS metric_name, COALESCE(mt.total_value, 0) + COALESCE(rmt.total_value, 0) AS total_value, CASE WHEN (tts.total_time_series + rtts.total_time_series) = 0 THEN 0 ELSE ((COALESCE(mt.total_value, 0) + COALESCE(rmt.total_value, 0)) * 100.0 / (tts.total_time_series + rtts.total_time_series)) END AS percentage FROM __metric_totals mt FULL OUTER JOIN __reduced_metric_totals rmt ON mt.metric_name = rmt.metric_name JOIN __total_time_series tts ON 1=1 JOIN __reduced_total_time_series rtts ON 1=1 ORDER BY percentage DESC LIMIT ? SETTINGS join_use_nulls = 1"
 	treemapTimeseriesWithFilterSQL       = "WITH __total_time_series AS (SELECT uniq(fingerprint) AS total_time_series FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_time_series_v4 WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ?), __metric_totals AS (SELECT metric_name, uniq(fingerprint) AS total_value FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_time_series_v4 WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') AND JSONExtractString(labels, 'host.name') = ? GROUP BY metric_name), __reduced_total_time_series AS (SELECT uniq(fingerprint) AS total_time_series FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_time_series_v4_reduced WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ?), __reduced_metric_totals AS (SELECT metric_name, uniq(fingerprint) AS total_value FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_time_series_v4_reduced WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') AND JSONExtractString(labels, 'host.name') = ? GROUP BY metric_name) SELECT COALESCE(mt.metric_name, rmt.metric_name) AS metric_name, COALESCE(mt.total_value, 0) + COALESCE(rmt.total_value, 0) AS total_value, CASE WHEN (tts.total_time_series + rtts.total_time_series) = 0 THEN 0 ELSE ((COALESCE(mt.total_value, 0) + COALESCE(rmt.total_value, 0)) * 100.0 / (tts.total_time_series + rtts.total_time_series)) END AS percentage FROM __metric_totals mt FULL OUTER JOIN __reduced_metric_totals rmt ON mt.metric_name = rmt.metric_name JOIN __total_time_series tts ON 1=1 JOIN __reduced_total_time_series rtts ON 1=1 ORDER BY percentage DESC LIMIT ? SETTINGS join_use_nulls = 1"
 	treemapSamplesNoFilterSQL            = "WITH __metric_candidates AS (SELECT metric_name FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_time_series_v4 WHERE NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') AND unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? GROUP BY metric_name ORDER BY uniq(fingerprint) DESC LIMIT ?), __reduced_metric_candidates AS (SELECT metric_name FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_time_series_v4_reduced WHERE NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') AND unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? GROUP BY metric_name ORDER BY uniq(fingerprint) DESC LIMIT ?), __sample_counts AS (SELECT metric_name, count(*) AS samples FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4 WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND metric_name GLOBAL IN (SELECT metric_name FROM __metric_candidates) GROUP BY metric_name), __reduced_sample_counts AS (SELECT metric_name, sum(cnt) AS samples FROM ((SELECT metric_name, uniq(reduced_fingerprint, unix_milli) AS cnt FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_reduced_last_60s WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND metric_name GLOBAL IN (SELECT metric_name FROM __reduced_metric_candidates) GROUP BY metric_name) UNION ALL (SELECT metric_name, uniq(reduced_fingerprint, unix_milli) AS cnt FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_reduced_sum_60s WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND metric_name GLOBAL IN (SELECT metric_name FROM __reduced_metric_candidates) GROUP BY metric_name)) AS reduced_samples GROUP BY metric_name), __total_samples AS (SELECT count(*) AS total_samples FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4 WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ?), __reduced_total_samples AS (SELECT sum(cnt) AS total_samples FROM ((SELECT uniq(reduced_fingerprint, unix_milli) AS cnt FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_reduced_last_60s WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ?) UNION ALL (SELECT uniq(reduced_fingerprint, unix_milli) AS cnt FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_reduced_sum_60s WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ?)) AS reduced_total), __all_candidates AS (SELECT DISTINCT metric_name FROM ((SELECT metric_name FROM __metric_candidates) UNION ALL (SELECT metric_name FROM __reduced_metric_candidates)) AS candidates) SELECT ac.metric_name, COALESCE(sc.samples, 0) + COALESCE(rsc.samples, 0) AS samples, CASE WHEN (ts.total_samples + rts.total_samples) = 0 THEN 0 ELSE ((COALESCE(sc.samples, 0) + COALESCE(rsc.samples, 0)) * 100.0 / (ts.total_samples + rts.total_samples)) END AS percentage FROM __all_candidates ac LEFT JOIN __sample_counts sc ON ac.metric_name = sc.metric_name LEFT JOIN __reduced_sample_counts rsc ON ac.metric_name = rsc.metric_name JOIN __total_samples ts ON 1=1 JOIN __reduced_total_samples rts ON 1=1 ORDER BY percentage DESC LIMIT ? SETTINGS join_use_nulls = 1"
-	treemapSamplesWithFilterSQL          = "WITH __metric_candidates AS (SELECT metric_name FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_time_series_v4 WHERE NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') AND unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND JSONExtractString(labels, 'host.name') = ? GROUP BY metric_name ORDER BY uniq(fingerprint) DESC LIMIT ?), __reduced_metric_candidates AS (SELECT metric_name FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_time_series_v4_reduced WHERE NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') AND unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND JSONExtractString(labels, 'host.name') = ? GROUP BY metric_name ORDER BY uniq(fingerprint) DESC LIMIT ?), __filtered_fingerprints AS (SELECT fingerprint FROM signoz_metrics.time_series_v4 WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') AND JSONExtractString(labels, 'host.name') = ? AND metric_name GLOBAL IN (SELECT metric_name FROM __metric_candidates) GROUP BY fingerprint), __reduced_filtered_fingerprints AS (SELECT fingerprint FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_time_series_v4_reduced WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') AND JSONExtractString(labels, 'host.name') = ? AND metric_name GLOBAL IN (SELECT metric_name FROM __reduced_metric_candidates) GROUP BY fingerprint), __sample_counts AS (SELECT metric_name, count(*) AS samples FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4 WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND metric_name GLOBAL IN (SELECT metric_name FROM __metric_candidates) AND fingerprint IN (SELECT fingerprint FROM __filtered_fingerprints) GROUP BY metric_name), __reduced_sample_counts AS (SELECT metric_name, sum(cnt) AS samples FROM ((SELECT metric_name, uniq(reduced_fingerprint, unix_milli) AS cnt FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_reduced_last_60s WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND metric_name GLOBAL IN (SELECT metric_name FROM __reduced_metric_candidates) AND reduced_fingerprint IN (SELECT fingerprint FROM __reduced_filtered_fingerprints) GROUP BY metric_name) UNION ALL (SELECT metric_name, uniq(reduced_fingerprint, unix_milli) AS cnt FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_reduced_sum_60s WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND metric_name GLOBAL IN (SELECT metric_name FROM __reduced_metric_candidates) AND reduced_fingerprint IN (SELECT fingerprint FROM __reduced_filtered_fingerprints) GROUP BY metric_name)) AS reduced_samples GROUP BY metric_name), __total_samples AS (SELECT count(*) AS total_samples FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4 WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ?), __reduced_total_samples AS (SELECT sum(cnt) AS total_samples FROM ((SELECT uniq(reduced_fingerprint, unix_milli) AS cnt FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_reduced_last_60s WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ?) UNION ALL (SELECT uniq(reduced_fingerprint, unix_milli) AS cnt FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_reduced_sum_60s WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ?)) AS reduced_total), __all_candidates AS (SELECT DISTINCT metric_name FROM ((SELECT metric_name FROM __metric_candidates) UNION ALL (SELECT metric_name FROM __reduced_metric_candidates)) AS candidates) SELECT ac.metric_name, COALESCE(sc.samples, 0) + COALESCE(rsc.samples, 0) AS samples, CASE WHEN (ts.total_samples + rts.total_samples) = 0 THEN 0 ELSE ((COALESCE(sc.samples, 0) + COALESCE(rsc.samples, 0)) * 100.0 / (ts.total_samples + rts.total_samples)) END AS percentage FROM __all_candidates ac LEFT JOIN __sample_counts sc ON ac.metric_name = sc.metric_name LEFT JOIN __reduced_sample_counts rsc ON ac.metric_name = rsc.metric_name JOIN __total_samples ts ON 1=1 JOIN __reduced_total_samples rts ON 1=1 ORDER BY percentage DESC LIMIT ? SETTINGS join_use_nulls = 1"
+	treemapSamplesWithFilterSQL          = "WITH __metric_candidates AS (SELECT metric_name FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_time_series_v4 WHERE NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') AND unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND JSONExtractString(labels, 'host.name') = ? GROUP BY metric_name ORDER BY uniq(fingerprint) DESC LIMIT ?), __reduced_metric_candidates AS (SELECT metric_name FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_time_series_v4_reduced WHERE NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') AND unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND JSONExtractString(labels, 'host.name') = ? GROUP BY metric_name ORDER BY uniq(fingerprint) DESC LIMIT ?), __filtered_fingerprints AS (SELECT fingerprint FROM signoz_metrics.time_series_v4 WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') AND JSONExtractString(labels, 'host.name') = ? AND metric_name GLOBAL IN (SELECT metric_name FROM __metric_candidates) GROUP BY fingerprint), __reduced_filtered_fingerprints AS (SELECT fingerprint FROM signoz_metrics.time_series_v4_reduced WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND NOT startsWith(metric_name, 'signoz') AND JSONExtractString(labels, 'host.name') = ? AND metric_name GLOBAL IN (SELECT metric_name FROM __reduced_metric_candidates) GROUP BY fingerprint), __sample_counts AS (SELECT metric_name, count(*) AS samples FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4 WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND metric_name GLOBAL IN (SELECT metric_name FROM __metric_candidates) AND fingerprint IN (SELECT fingerprint FROM __filtered_fingerprints) GROUP BY metric_name), __reduced_sample_counts AS (SELECT metric_name, sum(cnt) AS samples FROM ((SELECT metric_name, uniq(reduced_fingerprint, unix_milli) AS cnt FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_reduced_last_60s WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND metric_name GLOBAL IN (SELECT metric_name FROM __reduced_metric_candidates) AND reduced_fingerprint IN (SELECT fingerprint FROM __reduced_filtered_fingerprints) GROUP BY metric_name) UNION ALL (SELECT metric_name, uniq(reduced_fingerprint, unix_milli) AS cnt FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_reduced_sum_60s WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ? AND metric_name GLOBAL IN (SELECT metric_name FROM __reduced_metric_candidates) AND reduced_fingerprint IN (SELECT fingerprint FROM __reduced_filtered_fingerprints) GROUP BY metric_name)) AS reduced_samples GROUP BY metric_name), __total_samples AS (SELECT count(*) AS total_samples FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4 WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ?), __reduced_total_samples AS (SELECT sum(cnt) AS total_samples FROM ((SELECT uniq(reduced_fingerprint, unix_milli) AS cnt FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_reduced_last_60s WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ?) UNION ALL (SELECT uniq(reduced_fingerprint, unix_milli) AS cnt FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_reduced_sum_60s WHERE unix_milli BETWEEN ? AND ?)) AS reduced_total), __all_candidates AS (SELECT DISTINCT metric_name FROM ((SELECT metric_name FROM __metric_candidates) UNION ALL (SELECT metric_name FROM __reduced_metric_candidates)) AS candidates) SELECT ac.metric_name, COALESCE(sc.samples, 0) + COALESCE(rsc.samples, 0) AS samples, CASE WHEN (ts.total_samples + rts.total_samples) = 0 THEN 0 ELSE ((COALESCE(sc.samples, 0) + COALESCE(rsc.samples, 0)) * 100.0 / (ts.total_samples + rts.total_samples)) END AS percentage FROM __all_candidates ac LEFT JOIN __sample_counts sc ON ac.metric_name = sc.metric_name LEFT JOIN __reduced_sample_counts rsc ON ac.metric_name = rsc.metric_name JOIN __total_samples ts ON 1=1 JOIN __reduced_total_samples rts ON 1=1 ORDER BY percentage DESC LIMIT ? SETTINGS join_use_nulls = 1"
 
 	// Raw-only SQL produced when the metrics-reduction feature flag is OFF. These
 	// must stay byte-for-byte identical to the pre-reduction queries.
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ func TestGetStats(t *testing.T) {
 	}{
 		{name: "NoFilter_FastPathSQL", expectSQL: statsNoFilterSQL, argCount: 14, reductionEnabled: true},
 		{name: "WhitespaceFilter_FastPathSQL", opts: []statsOpt{withStatsFilter("   ")}, expectSQL: statsNoFilterSQL, argCount: 14, reductionEnabled: true},
-		{name: "WithFilter_FingerprintSQL", opts: []statsOpt{withStatsFilter("host.name = 'foo'")}, seedKey: "host.name", expectSQL: statsWithFilterSQL, argCount: 17, reductionEnabled: true},
+		{name: "WithFilter_FingerprintSQL", opts: []statsOpt{withStatsFilter("host.name = 'foo'")}, seedKey: "host.name", expectSQL: statsWithFilterSQL, argCount: 20, reductionEnabled: true},
 		{name: "OrderByTimeseriesAsc", opts: []statsOpt{withStatsOrderBy("timeseries", qbtypes.OrderDirectionAsc)}, expectSQL: statsOrderTimeseriesSQL, argCount: 14, reductionEnabled: true},
 		{name: "OrderByInvalid", opts: []statsOpt{withStatsOrderBy("nonsense", qbtypes.OrderDirectionAsc)}, noQuery: true, wantCode: errors.CodeInvalidInput},
 		{name: "QueryError", queryErr: assert.AnError, expectSQL: statsNoFilterSQL, argCount: 14, reductionEnabled: true, wantCode: errors.CodeInternal},

pkg/telemetrymetrics/reduced_test.go

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ func TestReducedStatementBuilder(t *testing.T) {
 			name:  "gauge_sum_latest",
 			query: reducedQuery("test.metric", metrictypes.GaugeType, metrictypes.Unspecified, metrictypes.TimeAggregationLatest, metrictypes.SpaceAggregationSum),
 			expected: qbtypes.Statement{
-				Query: "SELECT * FROM (WITH __temporal_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT fingerprint, toStartOfInterval(toDateTime(intDiv(unix_milli, 1000)), toIntervalSecond(300)) AS ts, anyLast(last) AS per_series_value FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_agg_5m AS points INNER JOIN (SELECT fingerprint FROM signoz_metrics.time_series_v4_1day WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli <= ? AND LOWER(temporality) LIKE LOWER(?) AND __normalized = ? GROUP BY fingerprint) AS filtered_time_series ON points.fingerprint = filtered_time_series.fingerprint WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli < ? GROUP BY fingerprint, ts ORDER BY fingerprint, ts), __spatial_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, sum(per_series_value) AS value FROM __temporal_aggregation_cte WHERE isNaN(per_series_value) = ? GROUP BY ts) SELECT * FROM __spatial_aggregation_cte ORDER BY ts) UNION ALL SELECT * FROM (WITH __temporal_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT fingerprint, toStartOfInterval(toDateTime(intDiv(unix_milli, 1000)), toIntervalSecond(300)) AS ts, argMax(value, unix_milli) AS per_series_value FROM (SELECT reduced_fingerprint AS fingerprint, unix_milli, argMax(`sum_last`, computed_at) AS value FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_reduced_last_60s WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli < ? GROUP BY reduced_fingerprint, unix_milli) AS points INNER JOIN (SELECT fingerprint FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_time_series_v4_reduced WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli <= ? AND __normalized = ? GROUP BY fingerprint) AS filtered_time_series ON points.fingerprint = filtered_time_series.fingerprint GROUP BY fingerprint, ts), __spatial_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, sum(per_series_value) AS value FROM __temporal_aggregation_cte GROUP BY ts) SELECT * FROM __spatial_aggregation_cte ORDER BY ts) ORDER BY ts",
+				Query: "SELECT * FROM (WITH __temporal_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT fingerprint, toStartOfInterval(toDateTime(intDiv(unix_milli, 1000)), toIntervalSecond(300)) AS ts, anyLast(last) AS per_series_value FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_agg_5m AS points INNER JOIN (SELECT fingerprint FROM signoz_metrics.time_series_v4_1day WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli <= ? AND LOWER(temporality) LIKE LOWER(?) AND __normalized = ? GROUP BY fingerprint) AS filtered_time_series ON points.fingerprint = filtered_time_series.fingerprint WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli < ? GROUP BY fingerprint, ts ORDER BY fingerprint, ts), __spatial_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, sum(per_series_value) AS value FROM __temporal_aggregation_cte WHERE isNaN(per_series_value) = ? GROUP BY ts) SELECT * FROM __spatial_aggregation_cte ORDER BY ts) UNION ALL SELECT * FROM (WITH __temporal_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT fingerprint, toStartOfInterval(toDateTime(intDiv(unix_milli, 1000)), toIntervalSecond(300)) AS ts, argMax(value, unix_milli) AS per_series_value FROM (SELECT reduced_fingerprint AS fingerprint, unix_milli, argMax(`sum_last`, computed_at) AS value FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_reduced_last_60s WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli < ? GROUP BY reduced_fingerprint, unix_milli) AS points INNER JOIN (SELECT fingerprint FROM signoz_metrics.time_series_v4_reduced WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli <= ? AND __normalized = ? GROUP BY fingerprint) AS filtered_time_series ON points.fingerprint = filtered_time_series.fingerprint GROUP BY fingerprint, ts), __spatial_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, sum(per_series_value) AS value FROM __temporal_aggregation_cte GROUP BY ts) SELECT * FROM __spatial_aggregation_cte ORDER BY ts) ORDER BY ts",
 				Args:  []any{"test.metric", uint64(1746921600000), uint64(1747172760000), "unspecified", false, "test.metric", uint64(1746999900000), uint64(1747172760000), 0, "test.metric", uint64(1746999900000), uint64(1747172760000), "test.metric", uint64(1746999900000), uint64(1747172760000), false},
 			},
 		},
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ func TestReducedStatementBuilder(t *testing.T) {
 			name:  "gauge_avg_avg",
 			query: reducedQuery("test.metric", metrictypes.GaugeType, metrictypes.Unspecified, metrictypes.TimeAggregationAvg, metrictypes.SpaceAggregationAvg),
 			expected: qbtypes.Statement{
-				Query: "SELECT * FROM (WITH __temporal_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT fingerprint, toStartOfInterval(toDateTime(intDiv(unix_milli, 1000)), toIntervalSecond(300)) AS ts, sum(sum) / sum(count) AS per_series_value FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_agg_5m AS points INNER JOIN (SELECT fingerprint FROM signoz_metrics.time_series_v4_1day WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli <= ? AND LOWER(temporality) LIKE LOWER(?) AND __normalized = ? GROUP BY fingerprint) AS filtered_time_series ON points.fingerprint = filtered_time_series.fingerprint WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli < ? GROUP BY fingerprint, ts ORDER BY fingerprint, ts), __spatial_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, avg(per_series_value) AS value FROM __temporal_aggregation_cte WHERE isNaN(per_series_value) = ? GROUP BY ts) SELECT * FROM __spatial_aggregation_cte ORDER BY ts) UNION ALL SELECT * FROM (WITH __temporal_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT fingerprint, toStartOfInterval(toDateTime(intDiv(unix_milli, 1000)), toIntervalSecond(300)) AS ts, avg(value) AS per_series_value, avg(weight) AS per_series_weight FROM (SELECT reduced_fingerprint AS fingerprint, unix_milli, argMax(`sum_last`, computed_at) AS value, argMax(`count_series`, computed_at) AS weight FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_reduced_last_60s WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli < ? GROUP BY reduced_fingerprint, unix_milli) AS points INNER JOIN (SELECT fingerprint FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_time_series_v4_reduced WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli <= ? AND __normalized = ? GROUP BY fingerprint) AS filtered_time_series ON points.fingerprint = filtered_time_series.fingerprint GROUP BY fingerprint, ts), __spatial_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, sum(per_series_value) / sum(per_series_weight) AS value FROM __temporal_aggregation_cte GROUP BY ts) SELECT * FROM __spatial_aggregation_cte ORDER BY ts) ORDER BY ts",
+				Query: "SELECT * FROM (WITH __temporal_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT fingerprint, toStartOfInterval(toDateTime(intDiv(unix_milli, 1000)), toIntervalSecond(300)) AS ts, sum(sum) / sum(count) AS per_series_value FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_agg_5m AS points INNER JOIN (SELECT fingerprint FROM signoz_metrics.time_series_v4_1day WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli <= ? AND LOWER(temporality) LIKE LOWER(?) AND __normalized = ? GROUP BY fingerprint) AS filtered_time_series ON points.fingerprint = filtered_time_series.fingerprint WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli < ? GROUP BY fingerprint, ts ORDER BY fingerprint, ts), __spatial_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, avg(per_series_value) AS value FROM __temporal_aggregation_cte WHERE isNaN(per_series_value) = ? GROUP BY ts) SELECT * FROM __spatial_aggregation_cte ORDER BY ts) UNION ALL SELECT * FROM (WITH __temporal_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT fingerprint, toStartOfInterval(toDateTime(intDiv(unix_milli, 1000)), toIntervalSecond(300)) AS ts, avg(value) AS per_series_value, avg(weight) AS per_series_weight FROM (SELECT reduced_fingerprint AS fingerprint, unix_milli, argMax(`sum_last`, computed_at) AS value, argMax(`count_series`, computed_at) AS weight FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_reduced_last_60s WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli < ? GROUP BY reduced_fingerprint, unix_milli) AS points INNER JOIN (SELECT fingerprint FROM signoz_metrics.time_series_v4_reduced WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli <= ? AND __normalized = ? GROUP BY fingerprint) AS filtered_time_series ON points.fingerprint = filtered_time_series.fingerprint GROUP BY fingerprint, ts), __spatial_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, sum(per_series_value) / sum(per_series_weight) AS value FROM __temporal_aggregation_cte GROUP BY ts) SELECT * FROM __spatial_aggregation_cte ORDER BY ts) ORDER BY ts",
 				Args:  []any{"test.metric", uint64(1746921600000), uint64(1747172760000), "unspecified", false, "test.metric", uint64(1746999900000), uint64(1747172760000), 0, "test.metric", uint64(1746999900000), uint64(1747172760000), "test.metric", uint64(1746999900000), uint64(1747172760000), false},
 			},
 		},
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ func TestReducedStatementBuilder(t *testing.T) {
 			name:  "gauge_min_min",
 			query: reducedQuery("test.metric", metrictypes.GaugeType, metrictypes.Unspecified, metrictypes.TimeAggregationMin, metrictypes.SpaceAggregationMin),
 			expected: qbtypes.Statement{
-				Query: "SELECT * FROM (WITH __temporal_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT fingerprint, toStartOfInterval(toDateTime(intDiv(unix_milli, 1000)), toIntervalSecond(300)) AS ts, min(min) AS per_series_value FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_agg_5m AS points INNER JOIN (SELECT fingerprint FROM signoz_metrics.time_series_v4_1day WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli <= ? AND LOWER(temporality) LIKE LOWER(?) AND __normalized = ? GROUP BY fingerprint) AS filtered_time_series ON points.fingerprint = filtered_time_series.fingerprint WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli < ? GROUP BY fingerprint, ts ORDER BY fingerprint, ts), __spatial_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, min(per_series_value) AS value FROM __temporal_aggregation_cte WHERE isNaN(per_series_value) = ? GROUP BY ts) SELECT * FROM __spatial_aggregation_cte ORDER BY ts) UNION ALL SELECT * FROM (WITH __temporal_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT fingerprint, toStartOfInterval(toDateTime(intDiv(unix_milli, 1000)), toIntervalSecond(300)) AS ts, min(value) AS per_series_value FROM (SELECT reduced_fingerprint AS fingerprint, unix_milli, argMax(`min`, computed_at) AS value FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_reduced_last_60s WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli < ? GROUP BY reduced_fingerprint, unix_milli) AS points INNER JOIN (SELECT fingerprint FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_time_series_v4_reduced WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli <= ? AND __normalized = ? GROUP BY fingerprint) AS filtered_time_series ON points.fingerprint = filtered_time_series.fingerprint GROUP BY fingerprint, ts), __spatial_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, min(per_series_value) AS value FROM __temporal_aggregation_cte GROUP BY ts) SELECT * FROM __spatial_aggregation_cte ORDER BY ts) ORDER BY ts",
+				Query: "SELECT * FROM (WITH __temporal_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT fingerprint, toStartOfInterval(toDateTime(intDiv(unix_milli, 1000)), toIntervalSecond(300)) AS ts, min(min) AS per_series_value FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_agg_5m AS points INNER JOIN (SELECT fingerprint FROM signoz_metrics.time_series_v4_1day WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli <= ? AND LOWER(temporality) LIKE LOWER(?) AND __normalized = ? GROUP BY fingerprint) AS filtered_time_series ON points.fingerprint = filtered_time_series.fingerprint WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli < ? GROUP BY fingerprint, ts ORDER BY fingerprint, ts), __spatial_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, min(per_series_value) AS value FROM __temporal_aggregation_cte WHERE isNaN(per_series_value) = ? GROUP BY ts) SELECT * FROM __spatial_aggregation_cte ORDER BY ts) UNION ALL SELECT * FROM (WITH __temporal_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT fingerprint, toStartOfInterval(toDateTime(intDiv(unix_milli, 1000)), toIntervalSecond(300)) AS ts, min(value) AS per_series_value FROM (SELECT reduced_fingerprint AS fingerprint, unix_milli, argMax(`min`, computed_at) AS value FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_reduced_last_60s WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli < ? GROUP BY reduced_fingerprint, unix_milli) AS points INNER JOIN (SELECT fingerprint FROM signoz_metrics.time_series_v4_reduced WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli <= ? AND __normalized = ? GROUP BY fingerprint) AS filtered_time_series ON points.fingerprint = filtered_time_series.fingerprint GROUP BY fingerprint, ts), __spatial_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, min(per_series_value) AS value FROM __temporal_aggregation_cte GROUP BY ts) SELECT * FROM __spatial_aggregation_cte ORDER BY ts) ORDER BY ts",
 				Args:  []any{"test.metric", uint64(1746921600000), uint64(1747172760000), "unspecified", false, "test.metric", uint64(1746999900000), uint64(1747172760000), 0, "test.metric", uint64(1746999900000), uint64(1747172760000), "test.metric", uint64(1746999900000), uint64(1747172760000), false},
 			},
 		},
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ func TestReducedStatementBuilder(t *testing.T) {
 			name:  "gauge_max_max",
 			query: reducedQuery("test.metric", metrictypes.GaugeType, metrictypes.Unspecified, metrictypes.TimeAggregationMax, metrictypes.SpaceAggregationMax),
 			expected: qbtypes.Statement{
-				Query: "SELECT * FROM (WITH __temporal_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT fingerprint, toStartOfInterval(toDateTime(intDiv(unix_milli, 1000)), toIntervalSecond(300)) AS ts, max(max) AS per_series_value FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_agg_5m AS points INNER JOIN (SELECT fingerprint FROM signoz_metrics.time_series_v4_1day WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli <= ? AND LOWER(temporality) LIKE LOWER(?) AND __normalized = ? GROUP BY fingerprint) AS filtered_time_series ON points.fingerprint = filtered_time_series.fingerprint WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli < ? GROUP BY fingerprint, ts ORDER BY fingerprint, ts), __spatial_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, max(per_series_value) AS value FROM __temporal_aggregation_cte WHERE isNaN(per_series_value) = ? GROUP BY ts) SELECT * FROM __spatial_aggregation_cte ORDER BY ts) UNION ALL SELECT * FROM (WITH __temporal_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT fingerprint, toStartOfInterval(toDateTime(intDiv(unix_milli, 1000)), toIntervalSecond(300)) AS ts, max(value) AS per_series_value FROM (SELECT reduced_fingerprint AS fingerprint, unix_milli, argMax(`max`, computed_at) AS value FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_reduced_last_60s WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli < ? GROUP BY reduced_fingerprint, unix_milli) AS points INNER JOIN (SELECT fingerprint FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_time_series_v4_reduced WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli <= ? AND __normalized = ? GROUP BY fingerprint) AS filtered_time_series ON points.fingerprint = filtered_time_series.fingerprint GROUP BY fingerprint, ts), __spatial_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, max(per_series_value) AS value FROM __temporal_aggregation_cte GROUP BY ts) SELECT * FROM __spatial_aggregation_cte ORDER BY ts) ORDER BY ts",
+				Query: "SELECT * FROM (WITH __temporal_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT fingerprint, toStartOfInterval(toDateTime(intDiv(unix_milli, 1000)), toIntervalSecond(300)) AS ts, max(max) AS per_series_value FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_agg_5m AS points INNER JOIN (SELECT fingerprint FROM signoz_metrics.time_series_v4_1day WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli <= ? AND LOWER(temporality) LIKE LOWER(?) AND __normalized = ? GROUP BY fingerprint) AS filtered_time_series ON points.fingerprint = filtered_time_series.fingerprint WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli < ? GROUP BY fingerprint, ts ORDER BY fingerprint, ts), __spatial_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, max(per_series_value) AS value FROM __temporal_aggregation_cte WHERE isNaN(per_series_value) = ? GROUP BY ts) SELECT * FROM __spatial_aggregation_cte ORDER BY ts) UNION ALL SELECT * FROM (WITH __temporal_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT fingerprint, toStartOfInterval(toDateTime(intDiv(unix_milli, 1000)), toIntervalSecond(300)) AS ts, max(value) AS per_series_value FROM (SELECT reduced_fingerprint AS fingerprint, unix_milli, argMax(`max`, computed_at) AS value FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_reduced_last_60s WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli < ? GROUP BY reduced_fingerprint, unix_milli) AS points INNER JOIN (SELECT fingerprint FROM signoz_metrics.time_series_v4_reduced WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli <= ? AND __normalized = ? GROUP BY fingerprint) AS filtered_time_series ON points.fingerprint = filtered_time_series.fingerprint GROUP BY fingerprint, ts), __spatial_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, max(per_series_value) AS value FROM __temporal_aggregation_cte GROUP BY ts) SELECT * FROM __spatial_aggregation_cte ORDER BY ts) ORDER BY ts",
 				Args:  []any{"test.metric", uint64(1746921600000), uint64(1747172760000), "unspecified", false, "test.metric", uint64(1746999900000), uint64(1747172760000), 0, "test.metric", uint64(1746999900000), uint64(1747172760000), "test.metric", uint64(1746999900000), uint64(1747172760000), false},
 			},
 		},
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ func TestReducedStatementBuilder(t *testing.T) {
 			name:  "counter_sum_rate",
 			query: reducedQuery("test.metric.sum", metrictypes.SumType, metrictypes.Cumulative, metrictypes.TimeAggregationRate, metrictypes.SpaceAggregationSum),
 			expected: qbtypes.Statement{
-				Query: "SELECT * FROM (WITH __temporal_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, multiIf(row_number() OVER rate_window = 1, nan, (per_series_value - lagInFrame(per_series_value, 1) OVER rate_window) < 0, per_series_value / (ts - lagInFrame(ts, 1) OVER rate_window), (per_series_value - lagInFrame(per_series_value, 1) OVER rate_window) / (ts - lagInFrame(ts, 1) OVER rate_window)) AS per_series_value FROM (SELECT fingerprint, toStartOfInterval(toDateTime(intDiv(unix_milli, 1000)), toIntervalSecond(300)) AS ts, max(max) AS per_series_value FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_agg_5m AS points INNER JOIN (SELECT fingerprint FROM signoz_metrics.time_series_v4_1day WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli <= ? AND LOWER(temporality) LIKE LOWER(?) AND __normalized = ? GROUP BY fingerprint) AS filtered_time_series ON points.fingerprint = filtered_time_series.fingerprint WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli < ? GROUP BY fingerprint, ts ORDER BY fingerprint, ts) WINDOW rate_window AS (PARTITION BY fingerprint ORDER BY fingerprint, ts)), __spatial_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, sum(per_series_value) AS value FROM __temporal_aggregation_cte WHERE isNaN(per_series_value) = ? GROUP BY ts) SELECT * FROM __spatial_aggregation_cte ORDER BY ts) UNION ALL SELECT * FROM (WITH __temporal_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT fingerprint, toStartOfInterval(toDateTime(intDiv(unix_milli, 1000)), toIntervalSecond(300)) AS ts, sum(value) / 300 AS per_series_value FROM (SELECT reduced_fingerprint AS fingerprint, unix_milli, argMax(`sum`, computed_at) AS value FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_reduced_sum_60s WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli < ? GROUP BY reduced_fingerprint, unix_milli) AS points INNER JOIN (SELECT fingerprint FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_time_series_v4_reduced WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli <= ? AND __normalized = ? GROUP BY fingerprint) AS filtered_time_series ON points.fingerprint = filtered_time_series.fingerprint GROUP BY fingerprint, ts), __spatial_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, sum(per_series_value) AS value FROM __temporal_aggregation_cte GROUP BY ts) SELECT * FROM __spatial_aggregation_cte ORDER BY ts) ORDER BY ts",
+				Query: "SELECT * FROM (WITH __temporal_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, multiIf(row_number() OVER rate_window = 1, nan, (per_series_value - lagInFrame(per_series_value, 1) OVER rate_window) < 0, per_series_value / (ts - lagInFrame(ts, 1) OVER rate_window), (per_series_value - lagInFrame(per_series_value, 1) OVER rate_window) / (ts - lagInFrame(ts, 1) OVER rate_window)) AS per_series_value FROM (SELECT fingerprint, toStartOfInterval(toDateTime(intDiv(unix_milli, 1000)), toIntervalSecond(300)) AS ts, max(max) AS per_series_value FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_agg_5m AS points INNER JOIN (SELECT fingerprint FROM signoz_metrics.time_series_v4_1day WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli <= ? AND LOWER(temporality) LIKE LOWER(?) AND __normalized = ? GROUP BY fingerprint) AS filtered_time_series ON points.fingerprint = filtered_time_series.fingerprint WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli < ? GROUP BY fingerprint, ts ORDER BY fingerprint, ts) WINDOW rate_window AS (PARTITION BY fingerprint ORDER BY fingerprint, ts)), __spatial_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, sum(per_series_value) AS value FROM __temporal_aggregation_cte WHERE isNaN(per_series_value) = ? GROUP BY ts) SELECT * FROM __spatial_aggregation_cte ORDER BY ts) UNION ALL SELECT * FROM (WITH __temporal_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT fingerprint, toStartOfInterval(toDateTime(intDiv(unix_milli, 1000)), toIntervalSecond(300)) AS ts, sum(value) / 300 AS per_series_value FROM (SELECT reduced_fingerprint AS fingerprint, unix_milli, argMax(`sum`, computed_at) AS value FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_reduced_sum_60s WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli < ? GROUP BY reduced_fingerprint, unix_milli) AS points INNER JOIN (SELECT fingerprint FROM signoz_metrics.time_series_v4_reduced WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli <= ? AND __normalized = ? GROUP BY fingerprint) AS filtered_time_series ON points.fingerprint = filtered_time_series.fingerprint GROUP BY fingerprint, ts), __spatial_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, sum(per_series_value) AS value FROM __temporal_aggregation_cte GROUP BY ts) SELECT * FROM __spatial_aggregation_cte ORDER BY ts) ORDER BY ts",
 				Args:  []any{"test.metric.sum", uint64(1746921600000), uint64(1747172760000), "cumulative", false, "test.metric.sum", uint64(1746999600000), uint64(1747172760000), 0, "test.metric.sum", uint64(1746999600000), uint64(1747172760000), "test.metric.sum", uint64(1746999600000), uint64(1747172760000), false},
 			},
 		},
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ func TestReducedStatementBuilder(t *testing.T) {
 			name:  "counter_avg_increase",
 			query: reducedQuery("test.metric", metrictypes.SumType, metrictypes.Cumulative, metrictypes.TimeAggregationIncrease, metrictypes.SpaceAggregationAvg),
 			expected: qbtypes.Statement{
-				Query: "SELECT * FROM (WITH __temporal_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, multiIf(row_number() OVER rate_window = 1, nan, (per_series_value - lagInFrame(per_series_value, 1) OVER rate_window) < 0, per_series_value, per_series_value - lagInFrame(per_series_value, 1) OVER rate_window) AS per_series_value FROM (SELECT fingerprint, toStartOfInterval(toDateTime(intDiv(unix_milli, 1000)), toIntervalSecond(300)) AS ts, max(max) AS per_series_value FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_agg_5m AS points INNER JOIN (SELECT fingerprint FROM signoz_metrics.time_series_v4_1day WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli <= ? AND LOWER(temporality) LIKE LOWER(?) AND __normalized = ? GROUP BY fingerprint) AS filtered_time_series ON points.fingerprint = filtered_time_series.fingerprint WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli < ? GROUP BY fingerprint, ts ORDER BY fingerprint, ts) WINDOW rate_window AS (PARTITION BY fingerprint ORDER BY fingerprint, ts)), __spatial_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, avg(per_series_value) AS value FROM __temporal_aggregation_cte WHERE isNaN(per_series_value) = ? GROUP BY ts) SELECT * FROM __spatial_aggregation_cte ORDER BY ts) UNION ALL SELECT * FROM (WITH __temporal_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT fingerprint, toStartOfInterval(toDateTime(intDiv(unix_milli, 1000)), toIntervalSecond(300)) AS ts, sum(value) AS per_series_value, avg(weight) AS per_series_weight FROM (SELECT reduced_fingerprint AS fingerprint, unix_milli, argMax(`sum`, computed_at) AS value, argMax(`count_series`, computed_at) AS weight FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_reduced_sum_60s WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli < ? GROUP BY reduced_fingerprint, unix_milli) AS points INNER JOIN (SELECT fingerprint FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_time_series_v4_reduced WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli <= ? AND __normalized = ? GROUP BY fingerprint) AS filtered_time_series ON points.fingerprint = filtered_time_series.fingerprint GROUP BY fingerprint, ts), __spatial_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, sum(per_series_value) / sum(per_series_weight) AS value FROM __temporal_aggregation_cte GROUP BY ts) SELECT * FROM __spatial_aggregation_cte ORDER BY ts) ORDER BY ts",
+				Query: "SELECT * FROM (WITH __temporal_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, multiIf(row_number() OVER rate_window = 1, nan, (per_series_value - lagInFrame(per_series_value, 1) OVER rate_window) < 0, per_series_value, per_series_value - lagInFrame(per_series_value, 1) OVER rate_window) AS per_series_value FROM (SELECT fingerprint, toStartOfInterval(toDateTime(intDiv(unix_milli, 1000)), toIntervalSecond(300)) AS ts, max(max) AS per_series_value FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_agg_5m AS points INNER JOIN (SELECT fingerprint FROM signoz_metrics.time_series_v4_1day WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli <= ? AND LOWER(temporality) LIKE LOWER(?) AND __normalized = ? GROUP BY fingerprint) AS filtered_time_series ON points.fingerprint = filtered_time_series.fingerprint WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli < ? GROUP BY fingerprint, ts ORDER BY fingerprint, ts) WINDOW rate_window AS (PARTITION BY fingerprint ORDER BY fingerprint, ts)), __spatial_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, avg(per_series_value) AS value FROM __temporal_aggregation_cte WHERE isNaN(per_series_value) = ? GROUP BY ts) SELECT * FROM __spatial_aggregation_cte ORDER BY ts) UNION ALL SELECT * FROM (WITH __temporal_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT fingerprint, toStartOfInterval(toDateTime(intDiv(unix_milli, 1000)), toIntervalSecond(300)) AS ts, sum(value) AS per_series_value, avg(weight) AS per_series_weight FROM (SELECT reduced_fingerprint AS fingerprint, unix_milli, argMax(`sum`, computed_at) AS value, argMax(`count_series`, computed_at) AS weight FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_reduced_sum_60s WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli < ? GROUP BY reduced_fingerprint, unix_milli) AS points INNER JOIN (SELECT fingerprint FROM signoz_metrics.time_series_v4_reduced WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli <= ? AND __normalized = ? GROUP BY fingerprint) AS filtered_time_series ON points.fingerprint = filtered_time_series.fingerprint GROUP BY fingerprint, ts), __spatial_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, sum(per_series_value) / sum(per_series_weight) AS value FROM __temporal_aggregation_cte GROUP BY ts) SELECT * FROM __spatial_aggregation_cte ORDER BY ts) ORDER BY ts",
 				Args:  []any{"test.metric", uint64(1746921600000), uint64(1747172760000), "cumulative", false, "test.metric", uint64(1746999600000), uint64(1747172760000), 0, "test.metric", uint64(1746999600000), uint64(1747172760000), "test.metric", uint64(1746999600000), uint64(1747172760000), false},
 			},
 		},
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ func TestReducedStatementBuilder(t *testing.T) {
 			name:  "histogram_p99",
 			query: reducedQuery("test.metric.bucket", metrictypes.HistogramType, metrictypes.Cumulative, metrictypes.TimeAggregationUnspecified, metrictypes.SpaceAggregationPercentile99),
 			expected: qbtypes.Statement{
-				Query: "SELECT * FROM (WITH __temporal_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, `le`, multiIf(row_number() OVER rate_window = 1, nan, (per_series_value - lagInFrame(per_series_value, 1) OVER rate_window) < 0, per_series_value / (ts - lagInFrame(ts, 1) OVER rate_window), (per_series_value - lagInFrame(per_series_value, 1) OVER rate_window) / (ts - lagInFrame(ts, 1) OVER rate_window)) AS per_series_value FROM (SELECT fingerprint, toStartOfInterval(toDateTime(intDiv(unix_milli, 1000)), toIntervalSecond(300)) AS ts, `le`, max(max) AS per_series_value FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_agg_5m AS points INNER JOIN (SELECT fingerprint, JSONExtractString(labels, 'le') AS `le` FROM signoz_metrics.time_series_v4_1day WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli <= ? AND LOWER(temporality) LIKE LOWER(?) AND __normalized = ? GROUP BY fingerprint, `le`) AS filtered_time_series ON points.fingerprint = filtered_time_series.fingerprint WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli < ? GROUP BY fingerprint, ts, `le` ORDER BY fingerprint, ts) WINDOW rate_window AS (PARTITION BY fingerprint ORDER BY fingerprint, ts)), __spatial_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, `le`, sum(per_series_value) AS value FROM __temporal_aggregation_cte WHERE isNaN(per_series_value) = ? GROUP BY ts, `le`) SELECT ts, histogramQuantile(arrayMap(x -> toFloat64(x), groupArray(le)), groupArray(value), 0.990) AS value FROM __spatial_aggregation_cte GROUP BY ts ORDER BY ts) UNION ALL SELECT * FROM (WITH __temporal_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT fingerprint, toStartOfInterval(toDateTime(intDiv(unix_milli, 1000)), toIntervalSecond(300)) AS ts, `le`, sum(value) / 300 AS per_series_value FROM (SELECT reduced_fingerprint AS fingerprint, unix_milli, argMax(`sum`, computed_at) AS value FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_reduced_sum_60s WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli < ? GROUP BY reduced_fingerprint, unix_milli) AS points INNER JOIN (SELECT fingerprint, JSONExtractString(labels, 'le') AS `le` FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_time_series_v4_reduced WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli <= ? AND __normalized = ? GROUP BY fingerprint, `le`) AS filtered_time_series ON points.fingerprint = filtered_time_series.fingerprint GROUP BY fingerprint, ts, `le`), __spatial_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, `le`, sum(per_series_value) AS value FROM __temporal_aggregation_cte GROUP BY ts, `le`) SELECT ts, histogramQuantile(arrayMap(x -> toFloat64(x), groupArray(le)), groupArray(value), 0.990) AS value FROM __spatial_aggregation_cte GROUP BY ts ORDER BY ts) ORDER BY ts",
+				Query: "SELECT * FROM (WITH __temporal_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, `le`, multiIf(row_number() OVER rate_window = 1, nan, (per_series_value - lagInFrame(per_series_value, 1) OVER rate_window) < 0, per_series_value / (ts - lagInFrame(ts, 1) OVER rate_window), (per_series_value - lagInFrame(per_series_value, 1) OVER rate_window) / (ts - lagInFrame(ts, 1) OVER rate_window)) AS per_series_value FROM (SELECT fingerprint, toStartOfInterval(toDateTime(intDiv(unix_milli, 1000)), toIntervalSecond(300)) AS ts, `le`, max(max) AS per_series_value FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_agg_5m AS points INNER JOIN (SELECT fingerprint, JSONExtractString(labels, 'le') AS `le` FROM signoz_metrics.time_series_v4_1day WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli <= ? AND LOWER(temporality) LIKE LOWER(?) AND __normalized = ? GROUP BY fingerprint, `le`) AS filtered_time_series ON points.fingerprint = filtered_time_series.fingerprint WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli < ? GROUP BY fingerprint, ts, `le` ORDER BY fingerprint, ts) WINDOW rate_window AS (PARTITION BY fingerprint ORDER BY fingerprint, ts)), __spatial_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, `le`, sum(per_series_value) AS value FROM __temporal_aggregation_cte WHERE isNaN(per_series_value) = ? GROUP BY ts, `le`) SELECT ts, histogramQuantile(arrayMap(x -> toFloat64(x), groupArray(le)), groupArray(value), 0.990) AS value FROM __spatial_aggregation_cte GROUP BY ts ORDER BY ts) UNION ALL SELECT * FROM (WITH __temporal_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT fingerprint, toStartOfInterval(toDateTime(intDiv(unix_milli, 1000)), toIntervalSecond(300)) AS ts, `le`, sum(value) / 300 AS per_series_value FROM (SELECT reduced_fingerprint AS fingerprint, unix_milli, argMax(`sum`, computed_at) AS value FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_reduced_sum_60s WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli < ? GROUP BY reduced_fingerprint, unix_milli) AS points INNER JOIN (SELECT fingerprint, JSONExtractString(labels, 'le') AS `le` FROM signoz_metrics.time_series_v4_reduced WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli <= ? AND __normalized = ? GROUP BY fingerprint, `le`) AS filtered_time_series ON points.fingerprint = filtered_time_series.fingerprint GROUP BY fingerprint, ts, `le`), __spatial_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, `le`, sum(per_series_value) AS value FROM __temporal_aggregation_cte GROUP BY ts, `le`) SELECT ts, histogramQuantile(arrayMap(x -> toFloat64(x), groupArray(le)), groupArray(value), 0.990) AS value FROM __spatial_aggregation_cte GROUP BY ts ORDER BY ts) ORDER BY ts",
 				Args:  []any{"test.metric.bucket", uint64(1746921600000), uint64(1747172760000), "cumulative", false, "test.metric.bucket", uint64(1746999900000), uint64(1747172760000), 0, "test.metric.bucket", uint64(1746999900000), uint64(1747172760000), "test.metric.bucket", uint64(1746999900000), uint64(1747172760000), false},
 			},
 		},
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ func TestReducedStatementBuilder(t *testing.T) {
 			name:  "summary_avg",
 			query: reducedQuery("test.metric", metrictypes.SummaryType, metrictypes.Unspecified, metrictypes.TimeAggregationAvg, metrictypes.SpaceAggregationAvg),
 			expected: qbtypes.Statement{
-				Query: "SELECT * FROM (WITH __temporal_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT fingerprint, toStartOfInterval(toDateTime(intDiv(unix_milli, 1000)), toIntervalSecond(300)) AS ts, sum(sum) / sum(count) AS per_series_value FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_agg_5m AS points INNER JOIN (SELECT fingerprint FROM signoz_metrics.time_series_v4_1day WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli <= ? AND LOWER(temporality) LIKE LOWER(?) AND __normalized = ? GROUP BY fingerprint) AS filtered_time_series ON points.fingerprint = filtered_time_series.fingerprint WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli < ? GROUP BY fingerprint, ts ORDER BY fingerprint, ts), __spatial_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, avg(per_series_value) AS value FROM __temporal_aggregation_cte WHERE isNaN(per_series_value) = ? GROUP BY ts) SELECT * FROM __spatial_aggregation_cte ORDER BY ts) UNION ALL SELECT * FROM (WITH __temporal_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT fingerprint, toStartOfInterval(toDateTime(intDiv(unix_milli, 1000)), toIntervalSecond(300)) AS ts, avg(value) AS per_series_value, avg(weight) AS per_series_weight FROM (SELECT reduced_fingerprint AS fingerprint, unix_milli, argMax(`sum_last`, computed_at) AS value, argMax(`count_series`, computed_at) AS weight FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_reduced_last_60s WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli < ? GROUP BY reduced_fingerprint, unix_milli) AS points INNER JOIN (SELECT fingerprint FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_time_series_v4_reduced WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli <= ? AND __normalized = ? GROUP BY fingerprint) AS filtered_time_series ON points.fingerprint = filtered_time_series.fingerprint GROUP BY fingerprint, ts), __spatial_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, sum(per_series_value) / sum(per_series_weight) AS value FROM __temporal_aggregation_cte GROUP BY ts) SELECT * FROM __spatial_aggregation_cte ORDER BY ts) ORDER BY ts",
+				Query: "SELECT * FROM (WITH __temporal_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT fingerprint, toStartOfInterval(toDateTime(intDiv(unix_milli, 1000)), toIntervalSecond(300)) AS ts, sum(sum) / sum(count) AS per_series_value FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_agg_5m AS points INNER JOIN (SELECT fingerprint FROM signoz_metrics.time_series_v4_1day WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli <= ? AND LOWER(temporality) LIKE LOWER(?) AND __normalized = ? GROUP BY fingerprint) AS filtered_time_series ON points.fingerprint = filtered_time_series.fingerprint WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli < ? GROUP BY fingerprint, ts ORDER BY fingerprint, ts), __spatial_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, avg(per_series_value) AS value FROM __temporal_aggregation_cte WHERE isNaN(per_series_value) = ? GROUP BY ts) SELECT * FROM __spatial_aggregation_cte ORDER BY ts) UNION ALL SELECT * FROM (WITH __temporal_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT fingerprint, toStartOfInterval(toDateTime(intDiv(unix_milli, 1000)), toIntervalSecond(300)) AS ts, avg(value) AS per_series_value, avg(weight) AS per_series_weight FROM (SELECT reduced_fingerprint AS fingerprint, unix_milli, argMax(`sum_last`, computed_at) AS value, argMax(`count_series`, computed_at) AS weight FROM signoz_metrics.distributed_samples_v4_reduced_last_60s WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli < ? GROUP BY reduced_fingerprint, unix_milli) AS points INNER JOIN (SELECT fingerprint FROM signoz_metrics.time_series_v4_reduced WHERE metric_name IN (?) AND unix_milli >= ? AND unix_milli <= ? AND __normalized = ? GROUP BY fingerprint) AS filtered_time_series ON points.fingerprint = filtered_time_series.fingerprint GROUP BY fingerprint, ts), __spatial_aggregation_cte AS (SELECT ts, sum(per_series_value) / sum(per_series_weight) AS value FROM __temporal_aggregation_cte GROUP BY ts) SELECT * FROM __spatial_aggregation_cte ORDER BY ts) ORDER BY ts",
 				Args:  []any{"test.metric", uint64(1746921600000), uint64(1747172760000), "unspecified", false, "test.metric", uint64(1746999900000), uint64(1747172760000), 0, "test.metric", uint64(1746999900000), uint64(1747172760000), "test.metric", uint64(1746999900000), uint64(1747172760000), false},
 			},
 		},

pkg/telemetrymetrics/statement_builder.go

@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ func (b *MetricQueryStatementBuilder) buildReducedTimeSeriesCTE(
 		}
 	}
 
-	sb.From(fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s", DBName, TimeseriesV4ReducedTableName))
+	sb.From(fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s", DBName, TimeseriesV4ReducedLocalTableName))
 	sb.Select("fingerprint")
 	for _, g := range query.GroupBy {
 		col, err := b.fm.ColumnExpressionFor(ctx, start, end, &g.TelemetryFieldKey, keys)

pkg/transition/migrate_common.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/SigNoz/signoz/pkg/telemetrytraces"
+	"github.com/SigNoz/signoz/pkg/types/querybuildertypes/querybuildertypesv5"
 )
 
 type migrateCommon struct {
@@ -23,119 +24,10 @@ func NewMigrateCommon(logger *slog.Logger) *migrateCommon {
 	}
 }
 
+// WrapInV5Envelope delegates to querybuildertypesv5.WrapInV5Envelope; the
+// transform is stateless and shared with the v1→v2 dashboard conversion.
 func (migration *migrateCommon) WrapInV5Envelope(name string, queryMap map[string]any, queryType string) map[string]any {
-	// Create a properly structured v5 query
-	v5Query := map[string]any{
-		"name":     name,
-		"disabled": queryMap["disabled"],
-		"legend":   queryMap["legend"],
-	}
-
-	if name != queryMap["expression"] {
-		// formula
-		queryType = "builder_formula"
-		v5Query["expression"] = queryMap["expression"]
-		if functions, ok := queryMap["functions"]; ok {
-			v5Query["functions"] = functions
-		}
-		return map[string]any{
-			"type": queryType,
-			"spec": v5Query,
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Add signal based on data source
-	if dataSource, ok := queryMap["dataSource"].(string); ok {
-		switch dataSource {
-		case "traces":
-			v5Query["signal"] = "traces"
-		case "logs":
-			v5Query["signal"] = "logs"
-		case "metrics":
-			v5Query["signal"] = "metrics"
-		}
-	}
-
-	if stepInterval, ok := queryMap["stepInterval"]; ok {
-		v5Query["stepInterval"] = stepInterval
-	}
-
-	if aggregations, ok := queryMap["aggregations"]; ok {
-		v5Query["aggregations"] = aggregations
-	}
-
-	if filter, ok := queryMap["filter"]; ok {
-		v5Query["filter"] = filter
-	}
-
-	// Copy groupBy with proper structure
-	if groupBy, ok := queryMap["groupBy"].([]any); ok {
-		v5GroupBy := make([]any, len(groupBy))
-		for i, gb := range groupBy {
-			if gbMap, ok := gb.(map[string]any); ok {
-				v5GroupBy[i] = map[string]any{
-					"name":          gbMap["key"],
-					"fieldDataType": gbMap["dataType"],
-					"fieldContext":  gbMap["type"],
-				}
-			}
-		}
-		v5Query["groupBy"] = v5GroupBy
-	}
-
-	// Copy orderBy with proper structure
-	if orderBy, ok := queryMap["orderBy"].([]any); ok {
-		v5OrderBy := make([]any, len(orderBy))
-		for i, ob := range orderBy {
-			if obMap, ok := ob.(map[string]any); ok {
-				v5OrderBy[i] = map[string]any{
-					"key": map[string]any{
-						"name":          obMap["columnName"],
-						"fieldDataType": obMap["dataType"],
-						"fieldContext":  obMap["type"],
-					},
-					"direction": obMap["order"],
-				}
-			}
-		}
-		v5Query["order"] = v5OrderBy
-	}
-
-	// Copy selectColumns as selectFields
-	if selectColumns, ok := queryMap["selectColumns"].([]any); ok {
-		v5SelectFields := make([]any, len(selectColumns))
-		for i, col := range selectColumns {
-			if colMap, ok := col.(map[string]any); ok {
-				v5SelectFields[i] = map[string]any{
-					"name":          colMap["key"],
-					"fieldDataType": colMap["dataType"],
-					"fieldContext":  colMap["type"],
-				}
-			}
-		}
-		v5Query["selectFields"] = v5SelectFields
-	}
-
-	// Copy limit and offset
-	if limit, ok := queryMap["limit"]; ok {
-		v5Query["limit"] = limit
-	}
-	if offset, ok := queryMap["offset"]; ok {
-		v5Query["offset"] = offset
-	}
-
-	if having, ok := queryMap["having"]; ok {
-		v5Query["having"] = having
-	}
-
-	if functions, ok := queryMap["functions"]; ok {
-		v5Query["functions"] = functions
-	}
-
-	return map[string]any{
-		"type": queryType,
-		"spec": v5Query,
-	}
+	return querybuildertypesv5.WrapInV5Envelope(name, queryMap, queryType)
 }
 
 func (mc *migrateCommon) updateQueryData(ctx context.Context, queryData map[string]any, version, widgetType string) bool {

pkg/transition/migrate_shape_safe.go

@@ -0,0 +1,383 @@
+// nolint
+package transition
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"log/slog"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// ══════════════════════════════════════════════
+// Shape-safe (idempotent) migration
+// ══════════════════════════════════════════════
+//
+// A copy of the Migrate → updateWidget → updateQueryData chain with the
+// "uniformly v4 input" assumption removed, so it is safe on a dashboard whose
+// `version` tag lies (a "v5"-labelled dashboard with un-upgraded, possibly mixed,
+// bodies — the v1→v2 converter's case). Versus the original: no version gate, and
+// each step acts only on the pre-v5 shape (leaving a v5 field alone), so it is
+// idempotent. The original Migrate is left unchanged (battle-tested, no test net).
+// The *ShapeSafe methods below each note the original they copy; the reused steps
+// (createFilterExpression, fixGroupBy, buildAggregationExpression, orderByExpr) are
+// already v5-safe.
+
+// MigrateShapeSafe copies Migrate, minus the `version == "v5"` skip gate.
+func (m *dashboardMigrateV5) MigrateShapeSafe(ctx context.Context, dashboardData map[string]any) bool {
+	updated := false
+
+	// Same as Migrate: strip spaces from variable names.
+	if variables, ok := dashboardData["variables"].(map[string]any); ok {
+		for _, variable := range variables {
+			if varMap, ok := variable.(map[string]any); ok {
+				if name, ok := varMap["name"].(string); ok && strings.Contains(name, " ") {
+					varMap["name"] = strings.ReplaceAll(name, " ", "")
+					updated = true
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if widgets, ok := dashboardData["widgets"].([]any); ok {
+		for _, widget := range widgets {
+			if widgetMap, ok := widget.(map[string]any); ok {
+				if m.updateWidgetShapeSafe(ctx, widgetMap) {
+					updated = true
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	dashboardData["version"] = "v5"
+	return updated
+}
+
+// MigrateQueryDataShapeSafe is the per-query entry point (the core of
+// updateQueryDataShapeSafe) for callers that process queries one at a time (the
+// v1→v2 converter). widgetType is the v1 panelTypes (metric reduceTo on tables);
+// "" is safe.
+func (m *dashboardMigrateV5) MigrateQueryDataShapeSafe(ctx context.Context, queryData map[string]any, widgetType string) bool {
+	return m.updateQueryDataShapeSafe(ctx, queryData, widgetType)
+}
+
+// updateWidgetShapeSafe copies updateWidget (drops the unused version param).
+func (mc *migrateCommon) updateWidgetShapeSafe(ctx context.Context, widget map[string]any) bool {
+	query, ok := widget["query"].(map[string]any)
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+	if qType, ok := query["queryType"]; ok {
+		if qType == "promql" || qType == "clickhouse_sql" {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	builder, ok := query["builder"].(map[string]any)
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+	queryData, ok := builder["queryData"].([]any)
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+	widgetType, _ := widget["panelTypes"].(string)
+
+	updated := false
+	for _, qd := range queryData {
+		if queryDataMap, ok := qd.(map[string]any); ok {
+			if mc.updateQueryDataShapeSafe(ctx, queryDataMap, widgetType) {
+				updated = true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return updated
+}
+
+// updateQueryDataShapeSafe copies updateQueryData, with each destructive step
+// guarded to act only on the pre-v5 shape (see the file header).
+func (mc *migrateCommon) updateQueryDataShapeSafe(ctx context.Context, queryData map[string]any, widgetType string) bool {
+	updated := false
+
+	aggregateOp, _ := queryData["aggregateOperator"].(string)
+	hasAggregation := aggregateOp != "" && aggregateOp != "noop"
+
+	if mc.createAggregationsShapeSafe(ctx, queryData, widgetType) {
+		updated = true
+	}
+
+	// createFilterExpression only touches v4 `filters`; skip if a v5 `filter` exists.
+	if _, hasFilter := queryData["filter"]; !hasFilter {
+		if mc.createFilterExpression(ctx, queryData) {
+			updated = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	if mc.fixGroupBy(queryData) {
+		updated = true
+	}
+
+	if mc.createHavingExpressionShapeSafe(queryData) {
+		updated = true
+	}
+
+	// orderBy: reprocess only while v4-shaped (see orderByIsPreV5).
+	if orderBy, ok := queryData["orderBy"].([]any); ok && orderByIsPreV5(orderBy) {
+		if hasAggregation {
+			newOrderBy := make([]any, 0)
+			for _, order := range orderBy {
+				if orderMap, ok := order.(map[string]any); ok {
+					columnName, _ := orderMap["columnName"].(string)
+					if columnName != "timestamp" && columnName != "samples" && columnName != "id" {
+						if columnName == "#SIGNOZ_VALUE" {
+							if expr, has := mc.orderByExpr(queryData); has {
+								orderMap["columnName"] = expr
+							}
+						} else {
+							present := false
+							groupBy, ok := queryData["groupBy"].([]any)
+							if !ok {
+								return updated
+							}
+							for idx := range groupBy {
+								item, ok := groupBy[idx].(map[string]any)
+								if !ok {
+									continue
+								}
+								key, ok := item["key"].(string)
+								if !ok {
+									continue
+								}
+								if key == columnName {
+									present = true
+								}
+							}
+							if !present {
+								mc.logger.WarnContext(ctx, "found a order by without group by, skipping", slog.String("order_col_name", columnName))
+								continue
+							}
+						}
+						newOrderBy = append(newOrderBy, orderMap)
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			queryData["orderBy"] = newOrderBy
+			updated = true
+		} else {
+			dataSource, _ := queryData["dataSource"].(string)
+			newOrderBy := make([]any, 0)
+			for _, order := range orderBy {
+				if orderMap, ok := order.(map[string]any); ok {
+					columnName, _ := orderMap["columnName"].(string)
+					if (columnName == "id" || columnName == "timestamp") && dataSource == "traces" {
+						continue
+					}
+					if (columnName == "id" || columnName == "timestamp") && dataSource == "logs" {
+						continue
+					}
+					newOrderBy = append(newOrderBy, orderMap)
+				}
+			}
+			queryData["orderBy"] = newOrderBy
+			updated = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	// functions: convert only while v4-shaped (see functionsArePreV5).
+	if functions, ok := queryData["functions"].([]any); ok && functionsArePreV5(functions) {
+		v5Functions := make([]any, len(functions))
+		for i, fn := range functions {
+			if fnMap, ok := fn.(map[string]any); ok {
+				v5Function := map[string]any{"name": fnMap["name"]}
+				if args, ok := fnMap["args"].([]any); ok {
+					v5Args := make([]any, len(args))
+					for j, arg := range args {
+						v5Args[j] = map[string]any{"name": "", "value": arg}
+					}
+					v5Function["args"] = v5Args
+				}
+				if namedArgs, ok := fnMap["namedArgs"].(map[string]any); ok {
+					existingArgs, _ := v5Function["args"].([]any)
+					if existingArgs == nil {
+						existingArgs = []any{}
+					}
+					for name, value := range namedArgs {
+						existingArgs = append(existingArgs, map[string]any{"name": name, "value": value})
+					}
+					v5Function["args"] = existingArgs
+				}
+				v5Functions[i] = v5Function
+			}
+		}
+		queryData["functions"] = v5Functions
+		updated = true
+	}
+
+	delete(queryData, "aggregateOperator")
+	delete(queryData, "aggregateAttribute")
+	delete(queryData, "temporality")
+	delete(queryData, "timeAggregation")
+	delete(queryData, "spaceAggregation")
+	delete(queryData, "reduceTo")
+	delete(queryData, "filters")
+	delete(queryData, "ShiftBy")
+	delete(queryData, "IsAnomaly")
+	delete(queryData, "QueriesUsedInFormula")
+	delete(queryData, "seriesAggregation")
+
+	return updated
+}
+
+// createHavingExpressionShapeSafe copies createHavingExpression but leaves an
+// already-v5 having:{expression} alone instead of wiping it.
+func (mc *migrateCommon) createHavingExpressionShapeSafe(queryData map[string]any) bool {
+	if _, ok := queryData["having"].(map[string]any); ok {
+		return false // already v5-shaped
+	}
+	having, ok := queryData["having"].([]any)
+	if !ok || len(having) == 0 {
+		queryData["having"] = map[string]any{"expression": ""}
+		return true
+	}
+	dataSource, _ := queryData["dataSource"].(string)
+	for idx := range having {
+		if havingItem, ok := having[idx].(map[string]any); ok {
+			if havingCol, has := mc.orderByExpr(queryData); has {
+				havingItem["columnName"] = havingCol
+				havingItem["key"] = map[string]any{"key": havingCol}
+			}
+			having[idx] = havingItem
+		}
+	}
+	queryData["having"] = map[string]any{"expression": mc.buildExpression(context.Background(), having, "AND", dataSource)}
+	return true
+}
+
+// createAggregationsShapeSafe copies createAggregations but skips a query that
+// already has a v5 aggregations[], and picks the metric time/space aggregation
+// from the body's shape (has timeAggregation/spaceAggregation?) rather than the
+// version tag.
+func (mc *migrateCommon) createAggregationsShapeSafe(ctx context.Context, queryData map[string]any, widgetType string) bool {
+	if aggs, ok := queryData["aggregations"].([]any); ok && len(aggs) > 0 {
+		return false // already v5-shaped
+	}
+
+	aggregateOp, hasOp := queryData["aggregateOperator"].(string)
+	aggregateAttr, hasAttr := queryData["aggregateAttribute"].(map[string]any)
+	dataSource, _ := queryData["dataSource"].(string)
+
+	if aggregateOp == "noop" && dataSource != "metrics" {
+		return false
+	}
+	if !hasOp || !hasAttr {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	var aggregation map[string]any
+	switch dataSource {
+	case "metrics":
+		_, hasTime := queryData["timeAggregation"]
+		_, hasSpace := queryData["spaceAggregation"]
+		if hasTime || hasSpace {
+			// v4 shape: the body carries its own time/space aggregation.
+			if _, ok := queryData["spaceAggregation"]; !ok {
+				queryData["spaceAggregation"] = aggregateOp
+			}
+			aggregation = map[string]any{
+				"metricName":       aggregateAttr["key"],
+				"temporality":      queryData["temporality"],
+				"timeAggregation":  queryData["timeAggregation"],
+				"spaceAggregation": queryData["spaceAggregation"],
+			}
+			if reduceTo, ok := queryData["reduceTo"].(string); ok {
+				aggregation["reduceTo"] = reduceTo
+			}
+		} else {
+			// v3 shape: derive time/space from the compound operator.
+			var timeAgg, spaceAgg, reduceTo string
+			switch aggregateOp {
+			case "sum_rate", "rate_sum":
+				timeAgg, spaceAgg, reduceTo = "rate", "sum", "sum"
+			case "avg_rate", "rate_avg":
+				timeAgg, spaceAgg, reduceTo = "rate", "avg", "avg"
+			case "min_rate", "rate_min":
+				timeAgg, spaceAgg, reduceTo = "rate", "min", "min"
+			case "max_rate", "rate_max":
+				timeAgg, spaceAgg, reduceTo = "rate", "max", "max"
+			case "hist_quantile_50":
+				timeAgg, spaceAgg, reduceTo = "", "p50", "avg"
+			case "hist_quantile_75":
+				timeAgg, spaceAgg, reduceTo = "", "p75", "avg"
+			case "hist_quantile_90":
+				timeAgg, spaceAgg, reduceTo = "", "p90", "avg"
+			case "hist_quantile_95":
+				timeAgg, spaceAgg, reduceTo = "", "p95", "avg"
+			case "hist_quantile_99":
+				timeAgg, spaceAgg, reduceTo = "", "p99", "avg"
+			case "rate":
+				timeAgg, spaceAgg, reduceTo = "rate", "sum", "sum"
+			case "p99", "p90", "p75", "p50", "p25", "p20", "p10", "p05":
+				mc.logger.InfoContext(ctx, "found invalid config")
+				timeAgg, spaceAgg, reduceTo = "avg", "avg", "avg"
+			case "min":
+				timeAgg, spaceAgg, reduceTo = "min", "min", "min"
+			case "max":
+				timeAgg, spaceAgg, reduceTo = "max", "max", "max"
+			case "avg":
+				timeAgg, spaceAgg, reduceTo = "avg", "avg", "avg"
+			case "sum":
+				timeAgg, spaceAgg, reduceTo = "sum", "sum", "sum"
+			case "count":
+				timeAgg, spaceAgg, reduceTo = "count", "sum", "sum"
+			case "count_distinct":
+				timeAgg, spaceAgg, reduceTo = "count_distinct", "sum", "sum"
+			case "noop":
+				mc.logger.WarnContext(ctx, "noop found in the aggregation data")
+				timeAgg, spaceAgg, reduceTo = "max", "max", "max"
+			}
+			aggregation = map[string]any{
+				"metricName":       aggregateAttr["key"],
+				"temporality":      queryData["temporality"],
+				"timeAggregation":  timeAgg,
+				"spaceAggregation": spaceAgg,
+			}
+			if widgetType == "table" {
+				aggregation["reduceTo"] = reduceTo
+			} else if reduceTo, ok := queryData["reduceTo"].(string); ok {
+				aggregation["reduceTo"] = reduceTo
+			}
+		}
+	case "logs", "traces":
+		aggregation = map[string]any{"expression": mc.buildAggregationExpression(aggregateOp, aggregateAttr)}
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+
+	queryData["aggregations"] = []any{aggregation}
+	return true
+}
+
+// orderByIsPreV5 reports whether an orderBy slice is still in the v4 shape (an
+// entry carries "columnName"); a v5 orderBy uses {key:{name}, direction}.
+func orderByIsPreV5(orderBy []any) bool {
+	for _, o := range orderBy {
+		if m, ok := o.(map[string]any); ok {
+			if _, has := m["columnName"]; has {
+				return true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// functionsArePreV5 reports whether a functions slice is still in the v4 shape
+// (args are raw values); a v5 function's args are {name,value} objects.
+func functionsArePreV5(functions []any) bool {
+	for _, f := range functions {
+		if m, ok := f.(map[string]any); ok {
+			args, ok := m["args"].([]any)
+			if !ok || len(args) == 0 {
+				continue
+			}
+			_, argIsObject := args[0].(map[string]any)
+			return !argIsObject
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}

pkg/types/dashboardtypes/LEGACY_DASHBOARD_HANDLING.md

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+# Legacy-dashboard handling in the frontend
+
+Reference for the v1→v2 (Perses) dashboard migration in this package.
+
+The frontend has long coped with **old saved dashboard content** by normalizing it
+*by shape* at load / query-build time — it does not trust the `version` /
+`schemaVersion` tag. This is the same job the backend converter
+(`perses_v1_to_v2_*.go`, especially the `normalizePreV5*` helpers in
+`perses_v1_to_v2_queries_malformed.go`) now does on the migration path.
+
+This file catalogs the frontend handlings that exist **specifically to support
+legacy content**, so we have a checklist of shapes the backend converter may
+also need to normalize. It excludes current-architecture plumbing (v5 API ↔
+internal query-builder adapters) and the new v2 Perses / `schemaVersion: v6`
+path — those run for every dashboard regardless of age and are not legacy coping.
+
+Line numbers are from a one-time code sweep — treat them as pointers, not gospel.
+Legacy-vs-plumbing is a judgment call; verify a specific site before relying on it.
+
+## Query body (old v3/v4 query shapes)
+
+| # | Legacy shape → v5 | Frontend location | Backend converter |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| 1 | `having` array `[{columnName,op,value}]` → `{expression}` | `convertHavingToExpression` (`QueryBuilderV2/utils.ts`) | ✅ `transition.MigrateQueryDataShapeSafe` (`createHavingExpressionShapeSafe`) |
+| 2 | `filters {items:[{key,op,value}]}` → `filter {expression}` | `convertFiltersToExpression` (`prepareQueryRangePayloadV5.ts`) | ✅ `transition.MigrateQueryDataShapeSafe` (`createFilterExpression`) |
+| 3 | logs/traces aggregation expression: parse `func(args)`, lift inline `as alias` → `alias`, split multi-part, discard junk (`sum(x) ) )` → `sum(x)`), empty → `count()` | `parseAggregations` / `createAggregation` (`prepareQueryRangePayloadV5.ts`) | ✅ `normalizePreV5LogTraceAggregations` + `parseAggregations` — reshapes an existing malformed `aggregations[]` the migrator skips |
+| 4 | old field key `{key,dataType,type}` → `{name,fieldContext,fieldDataType}` (via `name ?? key` fallbacks) | `convertNewToOldQueryBuilder.ts`, `prepareQueryRangePayloadV5.ts` | ✅ `normalizePreV5FieldKeys` (list-panel fields) |
+| 5 | `selectColumns` stored v5-shape (`{name,…}`) → readable by the old `{key,…}` mapper; drop empty columns | `name ?? key` read + empty filter (`prepareQueryRangePayloadV5.ts`) | ✅ `normalizePreV5SelectColumns` |
+| 6 | deprecated operators remapped (`regex→REGEXP`, `nin→NOT IN`, `nlike`, `nhas`, …) | `DEPRECATED_OPERATORS_MAP` (`constants/antlrQueryConstants.ts`) | ✅ `transition.MigrateQueryDataShapeSafe` (`buildCondition`'s operator switch) |
+| 7 | deprecated intrinsic trace fields stripped (`traceID`/`spanID`/`parentSpanID`/`statusCode`…) | `prepareQueryRangePayloadV5.ts` | ❌ not mirrored |
+| 8 | `limit ← pageSize` (old field name) | `prepareQueryRangePayloadV5.ts` | ✅ `normalizePreV5PageSize` (list/table panels only) |
+| 9 | flat v4 aggregation fields (`aggregateAttribute`/`aggregateOperator`/`timeAggregation`/`spaceAggregation`/`reduceTo`) → `aggregations[]` | `createAggregation`, `adjustQueryForV5` | ✅ `transition.MigrateQueryDataShapeSafe` (`createAggregationsShapeSafe`, metrics + logs/traces) |
+| 10 | legacy V3 composite (`builderQueries`/`promQueries`/`chQueries` objects) → v5 `queries[]` | `mapQueryFromV3` (`mapQueryDataFromApi.ts`) | n/a (backend consumes v5-shaped envelopes) |
+
+### Confirmed NOT frontend-repaired (broken source data — fails in the live UI too, so not mirrored)
+
+- **Malformed `filter.expression`** — clauses juxtaposed with no `AND`/`OR` (e.g. `a in $x b in $y`). The frontend passes `filter.expression` verbatim to the query API and its ANTLR path returns the string unchanged on parse error; there is no repair. Manifests as `Found N errors while parsing the search expression`.
+- **Dotted variable substitution** (`$k8s.cluster.name`) — handled by the backend `substitute_vars`, not the frontend; not a migration concern.
+- **`field not found` (non-empty)** — the referenced metric/attribute genuinely doesn't exist in the query instance; data-dependent, not a shape issue.
+
+## Variables (old saved variable shapes)
+
+| # | Legacy handling | Frontend location | Backend converter |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| 10 | TEXTBOX `textboxValue` → `defaultValue` (explicit BWC) | `useTransformDashboardVariables.ts` | ✅ `convertV1Variable` reads `textboxValue` into `Value` (variables.go:74) |
+| 11 | backfill missing `id` (UUID) / `order` (pre-UUID, unordered legacy variables) | `useTransformDashboardVariables.ts` | ✅ order via sort-by-`order`-then-UUID-key tiebreak (variables.go:44); `id` n/a — v2 keys variables by `Name`, not a UUID |
+| 12 | `name`-vs-key duality lookup (legacy mismatched variable name/key) | `useTransformDashboardVariables.ts` | n/a — runtime URL-param lookup, not saved-dashboard shape |
+| 13 | `selectedValue` string\|array polymorphic normalization against `multiSelect` | `normalizeUrlValue.ts` | ✅ `mapV1VariableDefault`/`defaultValueFromAny` type-switch |
+
+## Widget / panel (old widget fields)
+
+| # | Legacy handling | Frontend location | Backend converter |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| 15 | `spanGaps` bool (legacy) — default `true`; polymorphic with newer numeric form | `UPlotSeriesBuilder.ts`, `NewWidget` | ✅ `mapV1SpanGaps` |
+| 16 | `fillSpans` (legacy bool) promoted to `spanGaps`/`fillGaps` | `NewWidget/index.tsx` | ✅ `readBool` (panels.go:82) |
+| 17 | `decimalPrecision` string (legacy) \| number polymorphic | `NewWidget`, `getDefaultWidgetData` | ✅ `mapV1Precision` |
+| 18 | `timePreferance` (misspelled legacy field) → `GLOBAL_TIME` fallback | `GridCard`, `NewWidget` | ✅ `mapV1TimePreference` |
+| 19 | `selectedLogFields`/`selectedTracesFields` legacy null-default + `key→name` on list panels | `NewWidget/index.tsx` | ✅ `mapV1SelectFields` + `normalizePreV5FieldKeys` |
+
+## Layouts & sections (old react-grid-layout / section shapes)
+
+| # | Legacy shape | Frontend location | Backend converter |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| L1 | orphan `layout` entries — `i` for a deleted widget or the `__dropping-elem__`/`'empty'` drag placeholder | `getUpdatedLayout.ts` (filters `i==='empty'`) | ✅ dropped: `layout` id must be a real widget (layouts.go:60) |
+| L2 | duplicate `layout` `i` (same widget listed twice) | `getUpdatedLayout.ts` (dedupe, keep first) | ✅ deduped in stored order before sort, first occurrence wins (layouts.go) |
+| L3 | undefined `x`/`y`/`w`/`h` on a layout entry | `GridCardLayout/utils.ts` (strip undefined) | ✅ `readInt` defaults missing coords to 0 |
+| L4 | unsorted / non-zero-based positions | `providers/Dashboard/util.ts` (`sortLayout`) | ✅ `sortByPosition` + `y` rebased to 0 (layouts.go:132) |
+| L5 | `panelMap` missing, or `panelMap[id]` stored as a bare `[]widgetID` | `GridCardLayout/utils.ts`, `useDashboardBootstrap.ts` | ✅ lenient read → "not collapsed" (layouts.go:104) |
+| L6 | `layout` entry for a widget that never becomes a panel (unknown/`EMPTY_WIDGET` type, or failed conversion) | frontend only renders panels it holds | ✅ layout pass gates on panel-created, not widget-exists (`panels` map + `panelBackedItems` for collapsed children) |
+| S1 | pre-collapsible-sections dashboard (no section metadata) | `useDashboardBootstrap.ts` (`defaultTo({})`) | ✅ positional grouping; unnamed grid for panels above the first row |
+
+The backend converter mirrors nearly all of the above. Query body: the bulk of
+the pre-v5 upgrade (items 1, 2, 6, 9, plus orderBy/functions) is **delegated to
+the shared migrator** — `transition.MigrateQueryDataShapeSafe`, the shape-safe
+(idempotent) entry point added so the converter reuses `pkg/transition`'s v4→v5
+logic instead of duplicating it (`perses_v1_to_v2_queries.go` calls it per query
+via `normalizePreV5QueryData`). What remains in `perses_v1_to_v2_queries_malformed.go`
+are the reshapes the migrator does not do: item 3 (reshaping an already-present
+but malformed `aggregations[]`), item 5 (`selectColumns`), item 4 (list-panel
+field keys), and item 8 (`pageSize`) — each specific to how this converter
+consumes the result. Item 10 is n/a (the converter builds v5 envelopes itself),
+and item 7 (deprecated trace-field stripping) stays unmirrored on purpose — a
+live-request concern, not a decode blocker, and stripping fields on a persisted
+migration would silently drop user-configured columns/group-bys. Variables and
+widgets are handled in the structural passes (`perses_v1_to_v2_variables.go` /
+`_panels.go`), not the malformed-queries file.
+
+**Open items:** none. L2 (duplicate `layout` ids) and L6 (dangling grid ref) are
+now handled; neither surfaced in the 122-dashboard repo run.
+
+## Excluded (not legacy-content handling)
+
+- **`schemaVersion → 'v6'` default**, Perses adapters (`persesQueryAdapters`),
+  `titleUntitledSectionOp`, wrapped-vs-bare import — the new v2 Perses (v6) path.
+  (Legacy *section/layout* coping is now catalogued above under "Layouts &
+  sections" — only the v6 write path is excluded here.)
+- **`convertV5ResponseToLegacy`** — adapts a current v5 *response* to the internal
+  model; not dashboard JSON.
+- **v5 ↔ internal adapter renames** (`signal↔dataSource`, `name↔queryName`,
+  `orderBy` flatten, `convertNewToOldQueryBuilder`, `compositeQueryToQueryEnvelope`)
+  — run for every dashboard; architecture plumbing.
+- **Routine optional-field defaults** (`yAxisUnit`, `opacity`, `legendPosition`, …)
+  and react-grid-layout `stripUndefined` / `panelMap` — defaults / UI plumbing.
+- **DYNAMIC missing `dynamicVariablesAttribute` → skip** — defensive against
+  malformed config of any era (the nvidia-dcgm case), not version-legacy.

pkg/types/dashboardtypes/dashboard.go

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/SigNoz/signoz/pkg/errors"
-	"github.com/SigNoz/signoz/pkg/transition"
 	"github.com/SigNoz/signoz/pkg/types"
 	"github.com/SigNoz/signoz/pkg/types/querybuildertypes/querybuildertypesv5"
 	"github.com/SigNoz/signoz/pkg/valuer"
@@ -22,6 +21,7 @@ var (
 	ErrCodeDashboardInvalidSource      = errors.MustNewCode("dashboard_invalid_source")
 	ErrCodeDashboardImmutable          = errors.MustNewCode("dashboard_immutable")
 	ErrCodeDashboardInvalidPatch       = errors.MustNewCode("dashboard_invalid_patch")
+	ErrCodeDashboardMigrationFailed    = errors.MustNewCode("dashboard_migration_failed")
 )
 
 type StorableDashboard struct {
@@ -406,27 +406,26 @@ func (dashboard *Dashboard) GetWidgetQuery(startTime, endTime, widgetIndex uint6
 	widgetData := data.Widgets[widgetIndex]
 	switch widgetData.Query.QueryType {
 	case "builder":
-		migrate := transition.NewMigrateCommon(logger)
 		for _, query := range widgetData.Query.Builder.QueryData {
 			queryName, ok := query["queryName"].(string)
 			if !ok {
 				return nil, errors.New(errors.TypeInvalidInput, ErrCodeDashboardInvalidWidgetQuery, "cannot type cast query name as string")
 			}
-			compositeQueries = append(compositeQueries, migrate.WrapInV5Envelope(queryName, query, "builder_query"))
+			compositeQueries = append(compositeQueries, querybuildertypesv5.WrapInV5Envelope(queryName, query, "builder_query"))
 		}
 		for _, query := range widgetData.Query.Builder.QueryFormulas {
 			queryName, ok := query["queryName"].(string)
 			if !ok {
 				return nil, errors.New(errors.TypeInvalidInput, ErrCodeDashboardInvalidWidgetQuery, "cannot type cast query name as string")
 			}
-			compositeQueries = append(compositeQueries, migrate.WrapInV5Envelope(queryName, query, "builder_formula"))
+			compositeQueries = append(compositeQueries, querybuildertypesv5.WrapInV5Envelope(queryName, query, "builder_formula"))
 		}
 		for _, query := range widgetData.Query.Builder.QueryTraceOperator {
 			queryName, ok := query["queryName"].(string)
 			if !ok {
 				return nil, errors.New(errors.TypeInvalidInput, ErrCodeDashboardInvalidWidgetQuery, "cannot type cast query name as string")
 			}
-			compositeQueries = append(compositeQueries, migrate.WrapInV5Envelope(queryName, query, "builder_trace_operator"))
+			compositeQueries = append(compositeQueries, querybuildertypesv5.WrapInV5Envelope(queryName, query, "builder_trace_operator"))
 		}
 	case "clickhouse_sql":
 		for _, query := range widgetData.Query.ClickhouseSQL {

pkg/types/dashboardtypes/perses_dashboard_data.go

@@ -138,14 +138,33 @@ func validateQueryAllowedForPanel(plugin QueryPlugin, allowed []QueryPluginKind,
 	return nil
 }
 
-// validateLayouts rejects grid items referencing a panel that doesn't exist.
+const maxLayoutsPerDashboard = 500
+
+// validateLayouts validates the dashboard's layouts: bounded section count,
+// per-item geometry, resolvable panel references, and no panel placed twice.
+// Geometry (validateGridLayoutGeometry) needs only each layout's own data but
+// runs here so its errors can name the layout by index.
 func (d *DashboardSpec) validateLayouts() error {
+	if len(d.Layouts) > maxLayoutsPerDashboard {
+		return errors.NewInvalidInputf(ErrCodeDashboardInvalidInput, "spec.layouts: dashboard has %d layouts; maximum is %d", len(d.Layouts), maxLayoutsPerDashboard)
+	}
+
+	// Could enforce this but skipping for now: panels in no grid item (orphans)
+	// are allowed.
+
+	// The frontend keys each grid item by its panel id, so placing one panel in
+	// two grid items collides; reject duplicate references dashboard-wide. Maps
+	// each referenced panel key to the path of the item that first placed it.
+	referencedPanels := make(map[string]string, len(d.Panels))
 	for li, layout := range d.Layouts {
 		grid, ok := layout.Spec.(*dashboard.GridLayoutSpec)
 		if !ok {
 			// Unreachable via UnmarshalJSON; reaching here means a Go caller broke the Kind/Spec pairing.
 			return errors.NewInternalf(errors.CodeInternal, "spec.layouts[%d].spec: unexpected layout spec type %T", li, layout.Spec)
 		}
+		if err := validateGridLayoutGeometry(grid, li); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 		for ii, item := range grid.Items {
 			path := fmt.Sprintf("spec.layouts[%d].spec.items[%d].content", li, ii)
 			if item.Content == nil {
@@ -158,6 +177,10 @@ func (d *DashboardSpec) validateLayouts() error {
 			if _, ok := d.Panels[key]; !ok {
 				return errors.NewInvalidInputf(ErrCodeDashboardInvalidInput, "%s: references unknown panel %q", path, key)
 			}
+			if firstPath, dup := referencedPanels[key]; dup {
+				return errors.NewInvalidInputf(ErrCodeDashboardInvalidInput, "%s: panel %q is already placed by %s", path, key, firstPath)
+			}
+			referencedPanels[key] = path
 		}
 	}
 	return nil

pkg/types/dashboardtypes/perses_dashboard_patch_test.go

@@ -299,19 +299,22 @@ func TestPatchableDashboardV2_Apply(t *testing.T) {
 	// Layout edits
 	// ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
-	t.Run("move panel by editing layout x coordinate", func(t *testing.T) {
-		out, err := decode(t, `[{"op": "replace", "path": "/spec/layouts/0/spec/items/0/x", "value": 6}]`).Apply(base)
+	t.Run("move panel by editing layout y coordinate", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// p2 fills the right half of row 0, so p1 can only move to a fresh row
+		// without tripping overlap validation.
+		out, err := decode(t, `[{"op": "replace", "path": "/spec/layouts/0/spec/items/0/y", "value": 6}]`).Apply(base)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		raw := jsonOf(t, out)
-		// The first item used to live at x=0, now lives at x=6.
-		assert.Contains(t, raw, `"x":6,"y":0,"width":6,"height":6,"content":{"$ref":"#/spec/panels/p1"}`)
+		// The first item used to live at y=0, now lives at y=6.
+		assert.Contains(t, raw, `"x":0,"y":6,"width":6,"height":6,"content":{"$ref":"#/spec/panels/p1"}`)
 	})
 
 	t.Run("resize panel by editing layout width", func(t *testing.T) {
-		out, err := decode(t, `[{"op": "replace", "path": "/spec/layouts/0/spec/items/0/width", "value": 12}]`).Apply(base)
+		// p2 sits at x=6, so p1 (at x=0) can only shrink; widening it would overlap.
+		out, err := decode(t, `[{"op": "replace", "path": "/spec/layouts/0/spec/items/0/width", "value": 3}]`).Apply(base)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		raw := jsonOf(t, out)
-		assert.Contains(t, raw, `"width":12`)
+		assert.Contains(t, raw, `"width":3`)
 	})
 
 	t.Run("rename layout row title", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -321,11 +324,12 @@ func TestPatchableDashboardV2_Apply(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	t.Run("append layout item", func(t *testing.T) {
-		out, err := decode(t, `[{
-			"op": "add",
-			"path": "/spec/layouts/0/spec/items/-",
-			"value": {"x": 0, "y": 6, "width": 12, "height": 6, "content": {"$ref": "#/spec/panels/p1"}}
-		}]`).Apply(base)
+		// Appending needs a not-yet-placed panel, so add one in the same patch;
+		// re-placing p1 or p2 would be a duplicate reference.
+		out, err := decode(t, `[
+			{"op": "add", "path": "/spec/panels/p3", "value": {"kind": "Panel", "spec": {"plugin": {"kind": "signoz/TablePanel", "spec": {}}, "queries": [{"kind": "time_series", "spec": {"plugin": {"kind": "signoz/BuilderQuery", "spec": {"name": "A", "signal": "logs", "aggregations": [{"expression": "count()"}]}}}}]}}},
+			{"op": "add", "path": "/spec/layouts/0/spec/items/-", "value": {"x": 0, "y": 6, "width": 12, "height": 6, "content": {"$ref": "#/spec/panels/p3"}}}
+		]`).Apply(base)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		// Item count went 2 → 3.
 		raw := jsonOf(t, out)

pkg/types/dashboardtypes/perses_dashboard_test.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/SigNoz/signoz/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/perses/spec/go/dashboard"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/util/validation"
@@ -25,19 +26,19 @@ func TestValidateBigExample(t *testing.T) {
 	data, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/perses.json")
 	require.NoError(t, err, "reading example file")
 	_, err = unmarshalDashboard(data)
-	require.NoError(t, err, "expected valid dashboard")
+	assert.NoError(t, err, "expected valid dashboard")
 }
 
 func TestValidateDashboardWithSections(t *testing.T) {
 	data, err := os.ReadFile("testdata/perses_with_sections.json")
 	require.NoError(t, err, "reading example file")
 	_, err = unmarshalDashboard(data)
-	require.NoError(t, err, "expected valid dashboard")
+	assert.NoError(t, err, "expected valid dashboard")
 }
 
 func TestInvalidateNotAJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	_, err := unmarshalDashboard([]byte("not json"))
-	require.Error(t, err, "expected error for invalid JSON")
+	assert.Error(t, err, "expected error for invalid JSON")
 }
 
 // TestUnmarshalErrorPreservesNestedMessage guards the wrap on dec.Decode in
@@ -60,11 +61,11 @@ func TestUnmarshalErrorPreservesNestedMessage(t *testing.T) {
 	_, err := unmarshalDashboard(data)
 	require.Error(t, err)
 
-	require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "unknown panel plugin kind",
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "unknown panel plugin kind",
 		"outer wrap should not smother the inner UnmarshalJSON message")
-	require.Contains(t, err.Error(), `"NonExistentPanel"`,
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), `"NonExistentPanel"`,
 		"the offending value should still appear in the error")
-	require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "allowed values:",
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "allowed values:",
 		"the allowed-values hint should still appear in the error")
 
 	assert.True(t, errors.Ast(err, errors.TypeInvalidInput),
@@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ func TestValidateEmptySpec(t *testing.T) {
 	// no variables no panels
 	data := []byte(`{}`)
 	_, err := unmarshalDashboard(data)
-	require.NoError(t, err, "expected valid")
+	assert.NoError(t, err, "expected valid")
 }
 
 func TestValidateOnlyVariables(t *testing.T) {
@@ -109,7 +110,7 @@ func TestValidateOnlyVariables(t *testing.T) {
 		"layouts": []
 	}`)
 	_, err := unmarshalDashboard(data)
-	require.NoError(t, err, "expected valid")
+	assert.NoError(t, err, "expected valid")
 }
 
 func TestInvalidateDuplicateVariableNames(t *testing.T) {
@@ -136,7 +137,7 @@ func TestInvalidateDuplicateVariableNames(t *testing.T) {
 	}`)
 	_, err := unmarshalDashboard(data)
 	require.Error(t, err, "expected error for duplicate variable name")
-	require.Contains(t, err.Error(), `duplicate variable name "env"`)
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), `duplicate variable name "env"`)
 }
 
 func TestInvalidateVariableNameWithInvalidChars(t *testing.T) {
@@ -163,19 +164,19 @@ func TestInvalidateVariableNameWithInvalidChars(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			_, err := unmarshalDashboard(listVarWithName(name))
 			require.Error(t, err, "expected error for invalid variable name %q", name)
-			require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "is not a correct name")
+			assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "is not a correct name")
 		})
 	}
 	for _, name := range []string{"service", "my_var", "MY_VAR", "MixedCase9", "with-hyphen", "with.dot"} {
 		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			_, err := unmarshalDashboard(listVarWithName(name))
-			require.NoError(t, err, "expected valid variable name %q", name)
+			assert.NoError(t, err, "expected valid variable name %q", name)
 		})
 	}
 	t.Run("digits only", func(t *testing.T) {
 		_, err := unmarshalDashboard(listVarWithName("123"))
 		require.Error(t, err)
-		require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "cannot contain only digits")
+		assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "cannot contain only digits")
 	})
 }
 
@@ -199,7 +200,7 @@ func TestInvalidatePanelKey(t *testing.T) {
 	}`)
 	_, err := unmarshalDashboard(data)
 	require.Error(t, err, "expected error for invalid panel key")
-	require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "is not a correct name")
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "is not a correct name")
 }
 
 func TestInvalidateListVariableCrossFields(t *testing.T) {
@@ -225,30 +226,30 @@ func TestInvalidateListVariableCrossFields(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("customAllValue without allowAllValue", func(t *testing.T) {
 		_, err := unmarshalDashboard(listVar(`"allowAllValue": false, "allowMultiple": false, "customAllValue": "*",`))
 		require.Error(t, err)
-		require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "customAllValue cannot be set")
+		assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "customAllValue cannot be set")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("list defaultValue without allowMultiple", func(t *testing.T) {
 		_, err := unmarshalDashboard(listVar(`"allowAllValue": false, "allowMultiple": false, "defaultValue": ["a", "b"],`))
 		require.Error(t, err)
-		require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "allowMultiple")
+		assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "allowMultiple")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("single-element list default without allowMultiple", func(t *testing.T) {
 		_, err := unmarshalDashboard(listVar(`"allowAllValue": false, "allowMultiple": false, "defaultValue": ["only"],`))
 		require.Error(t, err)
-		require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "allowMultiple")
+		assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "allowMultiple")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("valid sort is accepted", func(t *testing.T) {
 		_, err := unmarshalDashboard(listVar(`"sort": "alphabetical-asc",`))
-		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
 	})
 
 	t.Run("unknown sort is rejected", func(t *testing.T) {
 		_, err := unmarshalDashboard(listVar(`"sort": "bogus",`))
 		require.Error(t, err)
-		require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "unknown sort")
+		assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "unknown sort")
 	})
 }
 
@@ -275,7 +276,7 @@ func TestInvalidateEmptyVariableName(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			_, err := unmarshalDashboard(data)
 			require.Error(t, err, "expected error for empty variable name")
-			require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "name cannot be empty")
+			assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "name cannot be empty")
 		})
 	}
 }
@@ -414,7 +415,7 @@ func TestInvalidateUnknownPluginKind(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			_, err := unmarshalDashboard([]byte(tt.data))
 			require.Error(t, err, "expected error containing %q, got nil", tt.wantContain)
-			require.Contains(t, err.Error(), tt.wantContain, "error should mention %q", tt.wantContain)
+			assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), tt.wantContain, "error should mention %q", tt.wantContain)
 		})
 	}
 }
@@ -435,7 +436,7 @@ func TestInvalidateOneInvalidPanel(t *testing.T) {
 	}`)
 	_, err := unmarshalDashboard(data)
 	require.Error(t, err, "expected error for invalid panel plugin kind")
-	require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "FakePanel", "error should mention FakePanel")
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "FakePanel", "error should mention FakePanel")
 }
 
 func TestInvalidateLayoutPanelReferences(t *testing.T) {
@@ -488,11 +489,11 @@ func TestInvalidateLayoutPanelReferences(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			_, err := unmarshalDashboard(tt.data)
 			if tt.wantContain == "" {
-				require.NoError(t, err)
+				assert.NoError(t, err)
 				return
 			}
 			require.Error(t, err)
-			require.Contains(t, err.Error(), tt.wantContain)
+			assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), tt.wantContain)
 		})
 	}
 }
@@ -570,7 +571,7 @@ func TestRejectUnknownFieldsInPluginSpec(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			_, err := unmarshalDashboard([]byte(tt.data))
 			require.Error(t, err, "expected error for unknown field")
-			require.Contains(t, err.Error(), tt.wantContain, "error should mention %q", tt.wantContain)
+			assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), tt.wantContain, "error should mention %q", tt.wantContain)
 		})
 	}
 }
@@ -649,7 +650,7 @@ func TestInvalidateWrongFieldTypeInPluginSpec(t *testing.T) {
 			_, err := unmarshalDashboard([]byte(tt.data))
 			require.Error(t, err, "expected validation error")
 			if tt.wantContain != "" {
-				require.Contains(t, err.Error(), tt.wantContain, "error should mention %q", tt.wantContain)
+				assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), tt.wantContain, "error should mention %q", tt.wantContain)
 			}
 		})
 	}
@@ -874,7 +875,7 @@ func TestInvalidateBadPanelSpecValues(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			_, err := unmarshalDashboard([]byte(tt.data))
 			require.Error(t, err, "expected error containing %q, got nil", tt.wantContain)
-			require.Contains(t, err.Error(), tt.wantContain, "error should mention %q", tt.wantContain)
+			assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), tt.wantContain, "error should mention %q", tt.wantContain)
 		})
 	}
 }
@@ -907,7 +908,7 @@ func TestThresholdLabelOptional(t *testing.T) {
 
 			spec := d.Panels["p1"].Spec.Plugin.Spec.(*TimeSeriesPanelSpec)
 			require.Len(t, spec.Thresholds, 1)
-			require.Empty(t, spec.Thresholds[0].Label, "label should remain empty")
+			assert.Empty(t, spec.Thresholds[0].Label, "label should remain empty")
 		})
 	}
 }
@@ -924,7 +925,7 @@ func TestInvalidatePanelWithoutQueries(t *testing.T) {
 	}`)
 	_, err := unmarshalDashboard(data)
 	require.Error(t, err, "expected panel-without-queries to be rejected")
-	require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "panel must have one query")
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "panel must have one query")
 }
 
 func TestInvalidatePanelWithEmptyQueriesArray(t *testing.T) {
@@ -942,7 +943,7 @@ func TestInvalidatePanelWithEmptyQueriesArray(t *testing.T) {
 	}`)
 	_, err := unmarshalDashboard(data)
 	require.Error(t, err, "expected panel with explicit empty queries array to be rejected")
-	require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "panel must have one query")
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "panel must have one query")
 }
 
 // Rendering multiple data sources in a single panel is supported via
@@ -965,7 +966,7 @@ func TestInvalidatePanelWithMultipleDirectQueries(t *testing.T) {
 	}`)
 	_, err := unmarshalDashboard(data)
 	require.Error(t, err, "expected panel with two top-level queries to be rejected")
-	require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "panel must have one query")
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "panel must have one query")
 }
 
 func TestValidateRequiredFields(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1053,11 +1054,39 @@ func TestValidateRequiredFields(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			_, err := unmarshalDashboard([]byte(tt.data))
 			require.Error(t, err, "expected error containing %q, got nil", tt.wantContain)
-			require.Contains(t, err.Error(), tt.wantContain, "error should mention %q", tt.wantContain)
+			assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), tt.wantContain, "error should mention %q", tt.wantContain)
 		})
 	}
 }
 
+// TestThresholdZeroValueAcceptedMissingRejected documents the *float64 Value:
+// a threshold at 0 (or 0.0) is valid, because the pointer lets validate:"required"
+// tell a present zero (non-nil) from an absent value (nil) — while a genuinely
+// missing value is still rejected.
+func TestThresholdZeroValueAcceptedMissingRejected(t *testing.T) {
+	numberPanel := func(thresholdSpec string) string {
+		return `{
+			"panels": {"p1": {"kind": "Panel", "spec": {
+				"plugin": {"kind": "signoz/NumberPanel", "spec": {"thresholds": [` + thresholdSpec + `]}},
+				"queries": [{"kind": "time_series", "spec": {"plugin": {"kind": "signoz/PromQLQuery", "spec": {"name": "A", "query": "up"}}}}]
+			}}},
+			"layouts": []
+		}`
+	}
+
+	_, errZero := unmarshalDashboard([]byte(numberPanel(`{"value": 0, "operator": "above", "format": "text", "color": "Red"}`)))
+	require.NoError(t, errZero, `a threshold "value": 0 is valid`)
+
+	// "value": 0.0 is the same float64 zero as "value": 0 — JSON has one number
+	// type — and is accepted identically.
+	_, errZeroFloat := unmarshalDashboard([]byte(numberPanel(`{"value": 0.0, "operator": "above", "format": "text", "color": "Red"}`)))
+	require.NoError(t, errZeroFloat, `"value": 0.0 is the same valid zero`)
+
+	_, errMissing := unmarshalDashboard([]byte(numberPanel(`{"operator": "above", "format": "text", "color": "Red"}`)))
+	require.Error(t, errMissing, "a genuinely missing value is still rejected")
+	require.Contains(t, errMissing.Error(), "Value")
+}
+
 func TestTimeSeriesPanelDefaults(t *testing.T) {
 	data := []byte(`{
 		"panels": {
@@ -1081,14 +1110,14 @@ func TestTimeSeriesPanelDefaults(t *testing.T) {
 	require.IsType(t, &TimeSeriesPanelSpec{}, d.Panels["p1"].Spec.Plugin.Spec)
 	spec := d.Panels["p1"].Spec.Plugin.Spec.(*TimeSeriesPanelSpec)
 
-	require.Equal(t, "2", spec.Formatting.DecimalPrecision.ValueOrDefault(), "expected DecimalPrecision default 2")
-	require.Equal(t, "spline", spec.ChartAppearance.LineInterpolation.ValueOrDefault(), "expected LineInterpolation default spline")
-	require.Equal(t, "solid", spec.ChartAppearance.LineStyle.ValueOrDefault(), "expected LineStyle default solid")
-	require.Equal(t, "none", spec.ChartAppearance.FillMode.ValueOrDefault(), "expected FillMode default none")
-	require.False(t, spec.ChartAppearance.SpanGaps.FillOnlyBelow, "expected SpanGaps.FillOnlyBelow default false")
-	require.Equal(t, "global_time", spec.Visualization.TimePreference.ValueOrDefault(), "expected TimePreference default global_time")
-	require.Equal(t, "bottom", spec.Legend.Position.ValueOrDefault(), "expected LegendPosition default bottom")
-	require.Equal(t, "list", spec.Legend.Mode.ValueOrDefault(), "expected LegendMode default list")
+	assert.Equal(t, "2", spec.Formatting.DecimalPrecision.ValueOrDefault(), "expected DecimalPrecision default 2")
+	assert.Equal(t, "spline", spec.ChartAppearance.LineInterpolation.ValueOrDefault(), "expected LineInterpolation default spline")
+	assert.Equal(t, "solid", spec.ChartAppearance.LineStyle.ValueOrDefault(), "expected LineStyle default solid")
+	assert.Equal(t, "none", spec.ChartAppearance.FillMode.ValueOrDefault(), "expected FillMode default none")
+	assert.False(t, spec.ChartAppearance.SpanGaps.FillOnlyBelow, "expected SpanGaps.FillOnlyBelow default false")
+	assert.Equal(t, "global_time", spec.Visualization.TimePreference.ValueOrDefault(), "expected TimePreference default global_time")
+	assert.Equal(t, "bottom", spec.Legend.Position.ValueOrDefault(), "expected LegendPosition default bottom")
+	assert.Equal(t, "list", spec.Legend.Mode.ValueOrDefault(), "expected LegendMode default list")
 
 	// Re-marshal the full dashboard (what we'd store in DB / return in API response)
 	// and verify the output contains the default values.
@@ -1131,8 +1160,8 @@ func TestNumberPanelDefaults(t *testing.T) {
 	spec := d.Panels["p1"].Spec.Plugin.Spec.(*NumberPanelSpec)
 
 	require.Len(t, spec.Thresholds, 1, "expected 1 threshold")
-	require.Equal(t, "above", spec.Thresholds[0].Operator.ValueOrDefault(), "expected ComparisonOperator default above")
-	require.Equal(t, "text", spec.Thresholds[0].Format.ValueOrDefault(), "expected ThresholdFormat default text")
+	assert.Equal(t, "above", spec.Thresholds[0].Operator.ValueOrDefault(), "expected ComparisonOperator default above")
+	assert.Equal(t, "text", spec.Thresholds[0].Format.ValueOrDefault(), "expected ThresholdFormat default text")
 
 	// Marshal back and verify defaults in JSON output.
 	output, err := json.Marshal(d)
@@ -1163,7 +1192,7 @@ func TestPersesFixtureStorageRoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err, "map → JSON (read-back shape)")
 
 	var roundtripped DashboardSpec
-	require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal(remarshaled, &roundtripped), "JSON → typed (the failure mode)")
+	assert.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal(remarshaled, &roundtripped), "JSON → typed (the failure mode)")
 }
 
 // TestStorageRoundTrip simulates the future DB store/load cycle:
@@ -1329,9 +1358,9 @@ func TestGenerateDashboardName(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.scenario, func(t *testing.T) {
 			got := generateDashboardName(tt.input)
-			require.NotEmpty(t, got)
-			require.LessOrEqual(t, len(got), 63)
-			require.Empty(t, validation.IsDNS1123Label(got), "result must be a valid DNS-1123 label")
+			assert.NotEmpty(t, got)
+			assert.LessOrEqual(t, len(got), 63)
+			assert.Empty(t, validation.IsDNS1123Label(got), "result must be a valid DNS-1123 label")
 
 			if tt.wantPrefix == "" {
 				assert.Len(t, got, dashboardNameSuffixLen, "expected the bare random suffix")
@@ -1346,8 +1375,8 @@ func TestGenerateDashboardName(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("prefix is truncated to leave room for the suffix", func(t *testing.T) {
 		input := strings.Repeat("a", 100)
 		got := generateDashboardName(input)
-		require.LessOrEqual(t, len(got), 63)
-		require.Empty(t, validation.IsDNS1123Label(got))
+		assert.LessOrEqual(t, len(got), 63)
+		assert.Empty(t, validation.IsDNS1123Label(got))
 		assert.Equal(t, len(got), 63, "expected the result to be padded to the max DNS-1123 length")
 	})
 
@@ -1435,10 +1464,130 @@ func TestPanelTypeQueryTypeCompatibility(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			_, err := unmarshalDashboard(tc.data)
 			if tc.wantErr {
-				require.Error(t, err)
+				assert.Error(t, err)
 			} else {
-				require.NoError(t, err)
+				assert.NoError(t, err)
 			}
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestValidateGridGeometry(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		scenario         string
+		items            []dashboard.GridItem
+		expectErrContain string
+	}{
+		{
+			scenario:         "valid side-by-side items",
+			items:            []dashboard.GridItem{{X: 0, Y: 0, Width: 6, Height: 6}, {X: 6, Y: 0, Width: 6, Height: 6}},
+			expectErrContain: "",
+		},
+		{
+			scenario:         "valid full-width item",
+			items:            []dashboard.GridItem{{X: 0, Y: 0, Width: 12, Height: 6}},
+			expectErrContain: "",
+		},
+		{
+			scenario:         "stacked items do not overlap",
+			items:            []dashboard.GridItem{{X: 0, Y: 0, Width: 6, Height: 6}, {X: 0, Y: 6, Width: 6, Height: 6}},
+			expectErrContain: "",
+		},
+		{
+			scenario:         "zero width",
+			items:            []dashboard.GridItem{{X: 0, Y: 0, Width: 0, Height: 6}},
+			expectErrContain: "width must be at least 1",
+		},
+		{
+			scenario:         "zero height",
+			items:            []dashboard.GridItem{{X: 0, Y: 0, Width: 6, Height: 0}},
+			expectErrContain: "height must be at least 1",
+		},
+		{
+			scenario:         "negative x",
+			items:            []dashboard.GridItem{{X: -1, Y: 0, Width: 6, Height: 6}},
+			expectErrContain: "x must not be negative",
+		},
+		{
+			scenario:         "negative y",
+			items:            []dashboard.GridItem{{X: 0, Y: -1, Width: 6, Height: 6}},
+			expectErrContain: "y must not be negative",
+		},
+		{
+			scenario:         "width wider than grid",
+			items:            []dashboard.GridItem{{X: 0, Y: 0, Width: 13, Height: 6}},
+			expectErrContain: "width (13) exceeds grid width 12",
+		},
+		{
+			scenario:         "x at grid width",
+			items:            []dashboard.GridItem{{X: 12, Y: 0, Width: 1, Height: 6}},
+			expectErrContain: "x (12) must be less than grid width 12",
+		},
+		{
+			scenario:         "x plus width overflows grid",
+			items:            []dashboard.GridItem{{X: 8, Y: 0, Width: 6, Height: 6}},
+			expectErrContain: "x (8) + width (6) exceeds grid width 12",
+		},
+		{
+			scenario:         "overlapping items",
+			items:            []dashboard.GridItem{{X: 0, Y: 0, Width: 6, Height: 6}, {X: 3, Y: 3, Width: 6, Height: 6}},
+			expectErrContain: "items[0] and items[1] overlap",
+		},
+	}
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		t.Run(test.scenario, func(t *testing.T) {
+			err := validateGridLayoutGeometry(&dashboard.GridLayoutSpec{Items: test.items}, 0)
+			if test.expectErrContain == "" {
+				assert.NoError(t, err)
+				return
+			}
+			require.Error(t, err)
+			assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), test.expectErrContain)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestValidateGridItemLimit(t *testing.T) {
+	err := validateGridLayoutGeometry(&dashboard.GridLayoutSpec{Items: make([]dashboard.GridItem, maxItemsPerGridLayout+1)}, 0)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "maximum is")
+}
+
+// Both panel refs are valid, so this errors only if geometry validation runs on
+// the unmarshal path — it does, via DashboardSpec.Validate -> validateLayouts.
+func TestInvalidateLayoutOverlapViaUnmarshal(t *testing.T) {
+	data := []byte(`{
+		"panels": {
+			"p1": {"kind": "Panel", "spec": {"plugin": {"kind": "signoz/TablePanel", "spec": {}}, "queries": [{"kind": "time_series", "spec": {"plugin": {"kind": "signoz/BuilderQuery", "spec": {"name": "A", "signal": "logs", "aggregations": [{"expression": "count()"}]}}}}]}},
+			"p2": {"kind": "Panel", "spec": {"plugin": {"kind": "signoz/TablePanel", "spec": {}}, "queries": [{"kind": "time_series", "spec": {"plugin": {"kind": "signoz/BuilderQuery", "spec": {"name": "A", "signal": "logs", "aggregations": [{"expression": "count()"}]}}}}]}}
+		},
+		"layouts": [{"kind": "Grid", "spec": {"items": [
+			{"x": 0, "y": 0, "width": 6, "height": 6, "content": {"$ref": "#/spec/panels/p1"}},
+			{"x": 3, "y": 3, "width": 6, "height": 6, "content": {"$ref": "#/spec/panels/p2"}}
+		]}}]
+	}`)
+	_, err := unmarshalDashboard(data)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "overlap")
+}
+
+// The frontend keys each grid item by its panel id, so the same panel placed by
+// two grid items crashes the section; the backend rejects it dashboard-wide. The
+// two items are side by side so they clear the overlap check first.
+func TestInvalidateDuplicatePanelReference(t *testing.T) {
+	data := []byte(`{
+		"panels": {
+			"p1": {"kind": "Panel", "spec": {"plugin": {"kind": "signoz/TablePanel", "spec": {}}, "queries": [{"kind": "time_series", "spec": {"plugin": {"kind": "signoz/BuilderQuery", "spec": {"name": "A", "signal": "logs", "aggregations": [{"expression": "count()"}]}}}}]}}
+		},
+		"layouts": [{"kind": "Grid", "spec": {"items": [
+			{"x": 0, "y": 0, "width": 6, "height": 6, "content": {"$ref": "#/spec/panels/p1"}},
+			{"x": 6, "y": 0, "width": 6, "height": 6, "content": {"$ref": "#/spec/panels/p1"}}
+		]}}]
+	}`)
+	_, err := unmarshalDashboard(data)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "already placed")
+	// Both offending grid items are named.
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "spec.layouts[0].spec.items[0].content")
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "spec.layouts[0].spec.items[1].content")
+}

pkg/types/dashboardtypes/perses_replicas.go

@@ -322,6 +322,55 @@ func (l *Layout) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+const (
+	gridColumnCount       = 12
+	maxItemsPerGridLayout = 100
+)
+
+// validateGridLayoutGeometry checks a single grid layout's item geometry (size,
+// position, and intra-section overlap), which Perses does not. It reads only the
+// layout's own items; layoutIndex is supplied by the caller (validateLayouts)
+// solely to name the layout in error paths.
+func validateGridLayoutGeometry(spec *dashboard.GridLayoutSpec, layoutIndex int) error {
+	if len(spec.Items) > maxItemsPerGridLayout {
+		return errors.NewInvalidInputf(ErrCodeDashboardInvalidInput, "spec.layouts[%d].spec.items: has %d items; maximum is %d", layoutIndex, len(spec.Items), maxItemsPerGridLayout)
+	}
+	for i, item := range spec.Items {
+		// The width/x bounds keep x+width small enough not to overflow.
+		switch {
+		case item.Width < 1:
+			return errors.NewInvalidInputf(ErrCodeDashboardInvalidInput, "spec.layouts[%d].spec.items[%d]: width must be at least 1, got %d", layoutIndex, i, item.Width)
+		case item.Height < 1:
+			return errors.NewInvalidInputf(ErrCodeDashboardInvalidInput, "spec.layouts[%d].spec.items[%d]: height must be at least 1, got %d", layoutIndex, i, item.Height)
+		case item.X < 0:
+			return errors.NewInvalidInputf(ErrCodeDashboardInvalidInput, "spec.layouts[%d].spec.items[%d]: x must not be negative, got %d", layoutIndex, i, item.X)
+		case item.Y < 0:
+			return errors.NewInvalidInputf(ErrCodeDashboardInvalidInput, "spec.layouts[%d].spec.items[%d]: y must not be negative, got %d", layoutIndex, i, item.Y)
+		case item.Width > gridColumnCount:
+			return errors.NewInvalidInputf(ErrCodeDashboardInvalidInput, "spec.layouts[%d].spec.items[%d]: width (%d) exceeds grid width %d", layoutIndex, i, item.Width, gridColumnCount)
+		case item.X >= gridColumnCount:
+			return errors.NewInvalidInputf(ErrCodeDashboardInvalidInput, "spec.layouts[%d].spec.items[%d]: x (%d) must be less than grid width %d", layoutIndex, i, item.X, gridColumnCount)
+		case item.X+item.Width > gridColumnCount:
+			return errors.NewInvalidInputf(ErrCodeDashboardInvalidInput, "spec.layouts[%d].spec.items[%d]: x (%d) + width (%d) exceeds grid width %d", layoutIndex, i, item.X, item.Width, gridColumnCount)
+		}
+		// Could cap y/height but skipping for now: the grid grows vertically
+		// without limit (frontend autoSize), so "too big" has no natural bound.
+	}
+	// Two items overlap iff their rectangles intersect on both axes.
+	overlap := func(a, b dashboard.GridItem) bool {
+		return a.X < b.X+b.Width && b.X < a.X+a.Width &&
+			a.Y < b.Y+b.Height && b.Y < a.Y+a.Height
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < len(spec.Items); i++ {
+		for j := i + 1; j < len(spec.Items); j++ {
+			if overlap(spec.Items[i], spec.Items[j]) {
+				return errors.NewInvalidInputf(ErrCodeDashboardInvalidInput, "spec.layouts[%d].spec.items[%d] and items[%d] overlap", layoutIndex, i, j)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 func (Layout) JSONSchemaOneOf() []any {
 	return []any{
 		LayoutEnvelope[dashboard.GridLayoutSpec]{Kind: string(dashboard.KindGridLayout)},

pkg/types/dashboardtypes/perses_signoz_plugins.go

@@ -251,14 +251,20 @@ type Legend struct {
 }
 
 type ThresholdWithLabel struct {
-	Value float64 `json:"value" validate:"required" required:"true"`
-	Unit  string  `json:"unit"`
-	Color string  `json:"color" validate:"required" required:"true"`
-	Label string  `json:"label"`
+	// Value is a pointer so a threshold at 0 is valid: validate:"required" treats
+	// the float64 zero as "missing", but a non-nil *float64 to 0 passes (and nil
+	// still fails, so a genuinely absent value is still rejected). nullable:"false"
+	// keeps it a plain required number in the schema — it is never null in valid
+	// data (validation rejects nil), so the pointer must not leak as `number|null`.
+	Value *float64 `json:"value" validate:"required" required:"true" nullable:"false"`
+	Unit  string   `json:"unit"`
+	Color string   `json:"color" validate:"required" required:"true"`
+	Label string   `json:"label"`
 }
 
 type ComparisonThreshold struct {
-	Value    float64            `json:"value" validate:"required" required:"true"`
+	// Value is a pointer so a threshold at 0 is valid (see ThresholdWithLabel.Value).
+	Value    *float64           `json:"value" validate:"required" required:"true" nullable:"false"`
 	Operator ComparisonOperator `json:"operator"`
 	Unit     string             `json:"unit"`
 	Color    string             `json:"color" validate:"required" required:"true"`

pkg/types/dashboardtypes/perses_v1_to_v2.go

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+package dashboardtypes
+
+import (
+	"github.com/SigNoz/signoz/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+// V1 → V2 migration. The v1 storable shape is the frontend's `DashboardData`
+// (see frontend/src/types/api/dashboard/getAll.ts); v2 is DashboardV2 /
+// DashboardSpec.
+//
+// Assumes the v1 widget query data has already been migrated to v5 shape
+// (transition.dashboardMigrateV5). Pre-v5 builder queries will produce
+// invalid v2 envelopes — run the v4→v5 migration first.
+//
+// The conversion is split across sibling files by concern:
+//   - perses_v1_to_v2_tags.go      tags
+//   - perses_v1_to_v2_panels.go    widgets → panels (+ panel field mappers)
+//   - perses_v1_to_v2_queries.go   widget queries
+//   - perses_v1_to_v2_layouts.go   grid layouts and sections
+//   - perses_v1_to_v2_variables.go variables
+//   - perses_v1_to_v2_decoder.go   v1Decoder: typed field reads + malformed-field detection
+
+// ══════════════════════════════════════════════
+// Entry point
+// ══════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+func (storable StorableDashboard) IsV2() bool {
+	metadata, _ := storable.Data["metadata"].(map[string]any)
+	if metadata == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	version, _ := metadata["schemaVersion"].(string)
+	return version == SchemaVersion
+}
+
+func (storable StorableDashboard) ConvertV1ToV2() (result *DashboardV2, err error) {
+	// Legacy v1 data can be arbitrarily malformed. The accessors degrade
+	// gracefully, but recover from any unforeseen panic so one bad dashboard
+	// surfaces as an error (to be logged and skipped) rather than crashing the run.
+	defer func() {
+		if r := recover(); r != nil {
+			result, err = nil, errors.Newf(errors.TypeInternal, ErrCodeDashboardMigrationFailed, "panic converting dashboard %s: %v", storable.ID, r)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	if storable.IsV2() {
+		return nil, errors.Newf(errors.TypeInvalidInput, ErrCodeDashboardMigrationFailed, "dashboard %s is already in %s schema", storable.ID, SchemaVersion)
+	}
+
+	d := &v1Decoder{}
+	title := d.readString(storable.Data, "title")
+	description := d.readString(storable.Data, "description")
+	image := d.readString(storable.Data, "image")
+
+	panels := d.convertV1Panels(storable.Data["widgets"])
+	spec := DashboardSpec{
+		Display:   Display{Name: title, Description: description},
+		Variables: d.convertV1Variables(storable.Data["variables"]),
+		Panels:    panels,
+		Layouts:   d.convertV1Layouts(storable.Data, panels),
+	}
+	tags := d.convertV1TagsForOrg(storable.OrgID, storable.Data["tags"])
+
+	if err := d.errIfHasMalformedFields(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &DashboardV2{
+		Identifiable:  storable.Identifiable,
+		TimeAuditable: storable.TimeAuditable,
+		UserAuditable: storable.UserAuditable,
+		OrgID:         storable.OrgID,
+		Locked:        storable.Locked,
+		Source:        storable.Source,
+		DashboardV2MetadataBase: DashboardV2MetadataBase{
+			SchemaVersion: SchemaVersion,
+			Image:         image,
+		},
+		Name: generateDashboardName(title),
+		Tags: tags,
+		Spec: spec,
+	}, nil
+}

pkg/types/dashboardtypes/perses_v1_to_v2_decoder.go

@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+package dashboardtypes
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/SigNoz/signoz/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+// ══════════════════════════════════════════════
+// v1 decoder
+// ══════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+// v1Decoder reads fields out of the untyped v1 dashboard blob. Every read*
+// method follows the same contract: a field that is absent or null yields the
+// zero value; a field present with the wrong type yields zero AND records a
+// malformed-field error. Conversion proceeds (so one bad field doesn't abort
+// the rest) and ConvertV1ToV2 returns d.malformedFieldsErr() at the end so the
+// dashboard is logged and skipped.
+//
+// Polymorphic v1 fields (spanGaps bool|number, selectedValue string|array, …)
+// are read with a type switch on the already-extracted value, never through
+// these accessors, so they stay lenient by construction.
+type v1Decoder struct {
+	bad  []string
+	seen map[string]struct{}
+}
+
+// note records a decoding problem (malformed field, unknown value, swallowed
+// sub-parse error), deduping identical messages. ConvertV1ToV2 surfaces these
+// via errIfHasMalformedFields.
+func (d *v1Decoder) note(format string, args ...any) {
+	msg := fmt.Sprintf(format, args...)
+	if _, dup := d.seen[msg]; dup {
+		return
+	}
+	if d.seen == nil {
+		d.seen = make(map[string]struct{})
+	}
+	d.seen[msg] = struct{}{}
+	d.bad = append(d.bad, msg)
+}
+
+// noteMalformedField records a v1 field present with the wrong Go type.
+func (d *v1Decoder) noteMalformedField(field string, raw any) {
+	d.note("%q has unexpected type %T", field, raw)
+}
+
+// detailErr renders an error for a diagnostic note, unfolding the structured
+// detail our JSON binding attaches via WithAdditional. A plain %v on these
+// errors prints only the innermost message ("request body contains invalid
+// field value") and drops the field/type context that says which field was
+// wrong — the part that actually tells you what to fix.
+func detailErr(err error) string {
+	if err == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	j := errors.AsJSON(err)
+	if len(j.Errors) == 0 {
+		return err.Error()
+	}
+	details := make([]string, 0, len(j.Errors))
+	for _, e := range j.Errors {
+		details = append(details, e.Message)
+	}
+	return j.Message + ": " + strings.Join(details, "; ")
+}
+
+func (d *v1Decoder) errIfHasMalformedFields() error {
+	if len(d.bad) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// One field per line: these lists run long (a bad widget query is reported
+	// once per widget), and a single "; "-joined line is an unscannable wall.
+	return errors.Newf(errors.TypeInvalidInput, ErrCodeDashboardInvalidData, "malformed v1 dashboard fields:\n  %s", strings.Join(d.bad, "\n  "))
+}
+
+func readField[T any](d *v1Decoder, m map[string]any, key string) T {
+	var zero T
+	v, present := m[key]
+	if !present || v == nil {
+		return zero
+	}
+	t, ok := v.(T)
+	if !ok {
+		d.noteMalformedField(key, v)
+		return zero
+	}
+	return t
+}
+
+func (d *v1Decoder) readString(m map[string]any, key string) string {
+	return readField[string](d, m, key)
+}
+func (d *v1Decoder) readFloat(m map[string]any, key string) float64 {
+	return readField[float64](d, m, key)
+}
+func (d *v1Decoder) readBool(m map[string]any, key string) bool   { return readField[bool](d, m, key) }
+func (d *v1Decoder) readArray(m map[string]any, key string) []any { return readField[[]any](d, m, key) }
+func (d *v1Decoder) readObject(m map[string]any, key string) map[string]any {
+	return readField[map[string]any](d, m, key)
+}
+
+// readInt narrows a numeric field to int (JSON numbers decode as float64).
+func (d *v1Decoder) readInt(m map[string]any, key string) int { return int(d.readFloat(m, key)) }
+
+func (d *v1Decoder) readFloatPtr(m map[string]any, key string) *float64 {
+	v, present := m[key]
+	if !present || v == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	f, ok := v.(float64)
+	if !ok {
+		d.noteMalformedField(key, v)
+		return nil
+	}
+	return &f
+}
+
+func (d *v1Decoder) readStringMap(m map[string]any, key string) map[string]string {
+	raw := d.readObject(m, key)
+	if len(raw) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	out := make(map[string]string, len(raw))
+	for k, v := range raw {
+		s, ok := v.(string)
+		if !ok {
+			d.noteMalformedField(key+"."+k, v)
+			continue
+		}
+		out[k] = s
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func (d *v1Decoder) readObjects(m map[string]any, key string) []map[string]any {
+	raw := d.readArray(m, key)
+	if len(raw) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	out := make([]map[string]any, 0, len(raw))
+	for i, item := range raw {
+		obj, ok := item.(map[string]any)
+		if !ok {
+			d.noteMalformedField(fmt.Sprintf("%s[%d]", key, i), item)
+			continue
+		}
+		out = append(out, obj)
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+// decodeMapInto converts an untyped map[string]any into a typed T by
+// round-tripping through JSON, letting encoding/json (struct tags, custom
+// UnmarshalJSON) do the field mapping instead of hand-copying out of the map.
+func decodeMapInto[T any](src map[string]any) (T, error) {
+	var dst T
+	bytes, err := json.Marshal(src)
+	if err != nil {
+		return dst, err
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(bytes, &dst); err != nil {
+		return dst, err
+	}
+	return dst, nil
+}

pkg/types/dashboardtypes/perses_v1_to_v2_layouts.go

@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+package dashboardtypes
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"sort"
+
+	"github.com/perses/spec/go/common"
+	"github.com/perses/spec/go/dashboard"
+)
+
+// ══════════════════════════════════════════════
+// Layouts (data.layout + data.panelMap)
+// ══════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+// convertV1Layouts groups v1 react-grid-layout entries into v2 grid layouts.
+// Membership is positional (as the frontend renders): each row widget owns the
+// panels below it until the next row; panels above the first row form an unnamed
+// grid with no section header. Collapsed rows are the exception — their children
+// live in panelMap[rowID].widgets, not `layout`.
+func (d *v1Decoder) convertV1Layouts(data StorableDashboardData, panels map[string]*Panel) []Layout {
+	layout := d.readObjects(data, "layout")
+	if len(layout) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// react-grid-layout can persist the same widget id more than once. Drop the
+	// duplicates, mirroring the frontend's getUpdatedLayout: keep the first
+	// occurrence in stored order and discard the rest (the losing entry's
+	// geometry is thrown away, not merged). Dedupe here, before sortByPosition,
+	// so "first" means first-in-stored-order as the frontend sees it — not
+	// topmost. Entries with no id are left for the main loop to drop.
+	seen := make(map[string]bool, len(layout))
+	deduped := layout[:0]
+	for _, item := range layout {
+		if id := d.readString(item, "i"); id != "" {
+			if seen[id] {
+				continue
+			}
+			seen[id] = true
+		}
+		deduped = append(deduped, item)
+	}
+	layout = deduped
+
+	rows := d.extractRowsAndCollapsedWidgets(data)
+
+	// Skip collapsed-row children a malformed dashboard lists in `layout` too.
+	isWidgetCollapsed := make(map[string]bool)
+	for _, row := range rows {
+		for _, child := range row.collapsedWidgets {
+			if id := d.readString(child, "i"); id != "" {
+				isWidgetCollapsed[id] = true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	d.sortByPosition(layout)
+
+	type section struct {
+		row   *rowInfo // nil for the unnamed grid of ungrouped panels
+		items []map[string]any
+	}
+	topSectionWithoutHeader := &section{}
+	sectionsWithHeader := make([]*section, 0, len(rows))
+	currentRowHeader := topSectionWithoutHeader
+	for _, item := range layout {
+		id := d.readString(item, "i")
+		if id == "" || isWidgetCollapsed[id] {
+			continue
+		}
+		if row, ok := rows[id]; ok {
+			newRowHeader := &section{row: row, items: d.panelBackedItems(row.collapsedWidgets, panels)}
+			sectionsWithHeader = append(sectionsWithHeader, newRowHeader)
+			// A collapsed row owns only its stashed children; later panels → ungrouped.
+			if row.collapsed {
+				currentRowHeader = topSectionWithoutHeader
+			} else {
+				currentRowHeader = newRowHeader
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		// Keep a layout entry only if the widget became a panel. A widget that was
+		// skipped (unknown/EMPTY_WIDGET type, or failed conversion) or a stale
+		// `layout` id with no widget at all (a deleted widget, or react-grid-layout's
+		// "__dropping-elem__" drag placeholder) would otherwise emit a grid item
+		// referencing a panel that does not exist. Rows are the exception, handled
+		// above — they are section headers, not panels.
+		if _, ok := panels[id]; !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		currentRowHeader.items = append(currentRowHeader.items, item)
+	}
+
+	out := make([]Layout, 0, len(sectionsWithHeader)+1)
+	if len(topSectionWithoutHeader.items) > 0 {
+		out = append(out, d.buildV2GridLayout(nil, topSectionWithoutHeader.items))
+	}
+	for _, sec := range sectionsWithHeader {
+		out = append(out, d.buildV2GridLayout(sec.row, sec.items))
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+// panelBackedItems keeps only the layout items whose widget became a panel, so a
+// grid never references a panel that was never created. Used for collapsed-row
+// children (which bypass the main layout loop's per-item panel check).
+func (d *v1Decoder) panelBackedItems(items []map[string]any, panels map[string]*Panel) []map[string]any {
+	out := make([]map[string]any, 0, len(items))
+	for _, item := range items {
+		if id := d.readString(item, "i"); id != "" {
+			if _, ok := panels[id]; ok {
+				out = append(out, item)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+type rowInfo struct {
+	title            string
+	collapsed        bool
+	collapsedWidgets []map[string]any
+}
+
+// extractRowsAndCollapsedWidgets returns the row widgets keyed by id; collapsed
+// rows also carry their children stashed under panelMap[id].widgets.
+func (d *v1Decoder) extractRowsAndCollapsedWidgets(data StorableDashboardData) map[string]*rowInfo {
+	panelMap := d.readObject(data, "panelMap")
+	rows := make(map[string]*rowInfo)
+	for _, w := range d.readObjects(data, "widgets") {
+		id := d.readString(w, "id")
+		if d.readString(w, "panelTypes") != "row" || id == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		row := &rowInfo{title: d.readString(w, "title")}
+		// Some templates store panelMap[id] as a bare []widgetID instead of the
+		// canonical {widgets, collapsed}. The frontend treats such a non-object
+		// entry as "not collapsed" (see GridCardLayout), so read it leniently: a
+		// non-map yields nil, which reads as not collapsed.
+		pm, _ := panelMap[id].(map[string]any)
+		if d.readBool(pm, "collapsed") {
+			row.collapsed = true
+			row.collapsedWidgets = d.readObjects(pm, "widgets")
+		}
+		rows[id] = row
+	}
+	return rows
+}
+
+// buildV2GridLayout builds one v2 grid. row is nil for the unnamed grid (no
+// display); otherwise the grid takes the row's title and collapse state. Items
+// are sorted by (y, x) and their y's normalized so the topmost sits at 0.
+func (d *v1Decoder) buildV2GridLayout(row *rowInfo, items []map[string]any) Layout {
+	d.sortByPosition(items)
+
+	spec := dashboard.GridLayoutSpec{Items: make([]dashboard.GridItem, 0, len(items))}
+	if row != nil {
+		spec.Display = &dashboard.GridLayoutDisplay{
+			Title:    row.title,
+			Collapse: &dashboard.GridLayoutCollapse{Open: !row.collapsed},
+		}
+	}
+
+	minY := 0
+	if len(items) > 0 {
+		minY = d.readInt(items[0], "y") // sorted by y, so the first item is topmost
+	}
+	for _, item := range items {
+		spec.Items = append(spec.Items, dashboard.GridItem{
+			X:       d.readInt(item, "x"),
+			Y:       d.readInt(item, "y") - minY,
+			Width:   d.readInt(item, "w"),
+			Height:  d.readInt(item, "h"),
+			Content: &common.JSONRef{Ref: fmt.Sprintf("#/spec/panels/%s", d.readString(item, "i"))},
+		})
+	}
+	return Layout{Kind: dashboard.KindGridLayout, Spec: &spec}
+}
+
+func (d *v1Decoder) sortByPosition(items []map[string]any) {
+	sort.SliceStable(items, func(i, j int) bool {
+		if yi, yj := d.readInt(items[i], "y"), d.readInt(items[j], "y"); yi != yj {
+			return yi < yj
+		}
+		return d.readInt(items[i], "x") < d.readInt(items[j], "x")
+	})
+}

pkg/types/dashboardtypes/perses_v1_to_v2_panels.go

@@ -0,0 +1,464 @@
+package dashboardtypes
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/SigNoz/signoz/pkg/types/telemetrytypes"
+	"github.com/SigNoz/signoz/pkg/valuer"
+)
+
+// ══════════════════════════════════════════════
+// Widgets → Panels
+// ══════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+// convertV1Panels walks the v1 `widgets` array and produces v2 panels keyed by
+// the v1 widget id. WidgetRow entries (panelTypes == "row") are dropped here
+// and consumed by convertV1Layouts as section headers.
+func (d *v1Decoder) convertV1Panels(raw any) map[string]*Panel {
+	if raw == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	widgetsRaw, ok := raw.([]any)
+	if !ok {
+		d.noteMalformedField("widgets", raw)
+		return nil
+	}
+	panels := make(map[string]*Panel, len(widgetsRaw))
+	for i, widgetRaw := range widgetsRaw {
+		widget, ok := widgetRaw.(map[string]any)
+		if !ok {
+			d.noteMalformedField(fmt.Sprintf("widgets[%d]", i), widgetRaw)
+			continue
+		}
+		id := d.readString(widget, "id")
+		if id == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		var panel *Panel
+		panelType := d.readString(widget, "panelTypes")
+		switch panelType {
+		case "graph":
+			panel = d.convertGraphWidget(widget)
+		case "bar":
+			panel = d.convertBarWidget(widget)
+		case "value":
+			panel = d.convertValueWidget(widget)
+		case "pie":
+			panel = d.convertPieWidget(widget)
+		case "table":
+			panel = d.convertTableWidget(widget)
+		case "histogram":
+			panel = d.convertHistogramWidget(widget)
+		case "list":
+			panel = d.convertListWidget(widget)
+		case "row":
+			// "row" (section header) is handled by the layout pass;
+			continue
+		default:
+			d.note("widgets[%d] has unknown panel type %q", i, panelType)
+		}
+		if panel == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		panels[id] = panel
+	}
+	return panels
+}
+
+func (d *v1Decoder) convertGraphWidget(w map[string]any) *Panel {
+	return &Panel{
+		Kind: "Panel",
+		Spec: PanelSpec{
+			Display: d.widgetDisplay(w),
+			Plugin: PanelPlugin{
+				Kind: PanelKindTimeSeries,
+				Spec: &TimeSeriesPanelSpec{
+					Visualization: TimeSeriesVisualization{
+						BasicVisualization: d.basicVisualization(w),
+						FillSpans:          d.readBool(w, "fillSpans"),
+					},
+					Formatting: d.panelFormatting(w),
+					ChartAppearance: TimeSeriesChartAppearance{
+						LineInterpolation: mapV1Enum(d.readString(w, "lineInterpolation"), LineInterpolationSpline,
+							LineInterpolationLinear, LineInterpolationSpline, LineInterpolationStepAfter, LineInterpolationStepBefore),
+						ShowPoints: d.readBool(w, "showPoints"),
+						LineStyle:  mapV1Enum(d.readString(w, "lineStyle"), LineStyleSolid, LineStyleSolid, LineStyleDashed),
+						FillMode:   mapV1Enum(d.readString(w, "fillMode"), FillModeSolid, FillModeSolid, FillModeGradient, FillModeNone),
+						SpanGaps:   mapV1SpanGaps(w["spanGaps"]),
+					},
+					Axes:       d.axesFromWidget(w),
+					Legend:     d.legendFromWidget(w),
+					Thresholds: d.mapV1ThresholdsWithLabel(w),
+				},
+			},
+			Queries: d.convertV1WidgetQuery(w, PanelKindTimeSeries),
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func (d *v1Decoder) convertBarWidget(w map[string]any) *Panel {
+	return &Panel{
+		Kind: "Panel",
+		Spec: PanelSpec{
+			Display: d.widgetDisplay(w),
+			Plugin: PanelPlugin{
+				Kind: PanelKindBarChart,
+				Spec: &BarChartPanelSpec{
+					Visualization: BarChartVisualization{
+						BasicVisualization: d.basicVisualization(w),
+						FillSpans:          d.readBool(w, "fillSpans"),
+						StackedBarChart:    d.readBool(w, "stackedBarChart"),
+					},
+					Formatting: d.panelFormatting(w),
+					Axes:       d.axesFromWidget(w),
+					Legend:     d.legendFromWidget(w),
+					Thresholds: d.mapV1ThresholdsWithLabel(w),
+				},
+			},
+			Queries: d.convertV1WidgetQuery(w, PanelKindBarChart),
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func (d *v1Decoder) convertValueWidget(w map[string]any) *Panel {
+	return &Panel{
+		Kind: "Panel",
+		Spec: PanelSpec{
+			Display: d.widgetDisplay(w),
+			Plugin: PanelPlugin{
+				Kind: PanelKindNumber,
+				Spec: &NumberPanelSpec{
+					Visualization: d.basicVisualization(w),
+					Formatting:    d.panelFormatting(w),
+					Thresholds:    d.mapV1ComparisonThresholds(w),
+				},
+			},
+			Queries: d.convertV1WidgetQuery(w, PanelKindNumber),
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func (d *v1Decoder) convertPieWidget(w map[string]any) *Panel {
+	return &Panel{
+		Kind: "Panel",
+		Spec: PanelSpec{
+			Display: d.widgetDisplay(w),
+			Plugin: PanelPlugin{
+				Kind: PanelKindPieChart,
+				Spec: &PieChartPanelSpec{
+					Visualization: d.basicVisualization(w),
+					Formatting:    d.panelFormatting(w),
+					Legend:        d.legendFromWidget(w),
+				},
+			},
+			Queries: d.convertV1WidgetQuery(w, PanelKindPieChart),
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func (d *v1Decoder) convertTableWidget(w map[string]any) *Panel {
+	return &Panel{
+		Kind: "Panel",
+		Spec: PanelSpec{
+			Display: d.widgetDisplay(w),
+			Plugin: PanelPlugin{
+				Kind: PanelKindTable,
+				Spec: &TablePanelSpec{
+					Visualization: d.basicVisualization(w),
+					Formatting: TableFormatting{
+						ColumnUnits:      d.readStringMap(w, "columnUnits"),
+						DecimalPrecision: mapV1Precision(w["decimalPrecision"]),
+					},
+					Thresholds: d.mapV1TableThresholds(w),
+				},
+			},
+			Queries: d.convertV1WidgetQuery(w, PanelKindTable),
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func (d *v1Decoder) convertHistogramWidget(w map[string]any) *Panel {
+	return &Panel{
+		Kind: "Panel",
+		Spec: PanelSpec{
+			Display: d.widgetDisplay(w),
+			Plugin: PanelPlugin{
+				Kind: PanelKindHistogram,
+				Spec: &HistogramPanelSpec{
+					HistogramBuckets: HistogramBuckets{
+						BucketCount:           d.readFloatPtr(w, "bucketCount"),
+						BucketWidth:           d.readFloatPtr(w, "bucketWidth"),
+						MergeAllActiveQueries: d.readBool(w, "mergeAllActiveQueries"),
+					},
+					Legend: d.legendFromWidget(w),
+				},
+			},
+			Queries: d.convertV1WidgetQuery(w, PanelKindHistogram),
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func (d *v1Decoder) convertListWidget(w map[string]any) *Panel {
+	return &Panel{
+		Kind: "Panel",
+		Spec: PanelSpec{
+			Display: d.widgetDisplay(w),
+			Plugin: PanelPlugin{
+				Kind: PanelKindList,
+				Spec: &ListPanelSpec{
+					SelectFields: d.mapV1SelectFields(w),
+				},
+			},
+			Queries: d.convertV1WidgetQuery(w, PanelKindList),
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+// ══════════════════════════════════════════════
+// Panel-spec shared helpers
+// ══════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+func (d *v1Decoder) widgetDisplay(w map[string]any) Display {
+	return Display{Name: d.readString(w, "title"), Description: d.readString(w, "description")}
+}
+
+func (d *v1Decoder) basicVisualization(w map[string]any) BasicVisualization {
+	return BasicVisualization{TimePreference: mapV1TimePreference(d.readString(w, "timePreferance"))}
+}
+
+func (d *v1Decoder) panelFormatting(w map[string]any) PanelFormatting {
+	return PanelFormatting{Unit: d.readString(w, "yAxisUnit"), DecimalPrecision: mapV1Precision(w["decimalPrecision"])}
+}
+
+func (d *v1Decoder) axesFromWidget(w map[string]any) Axes {
+	return Axes{
+		SoftMin:    d.readFloatPtr(w, "softMin"),
+		SoftMax:    d.readFloatPtr(w, "softMax"),
+		IsLogScale: d.readBool(w, "isLogScale"),
+	}
+}
+
+func (d *v1Decoder) legendFromWidget(w map[string]any) Legend {
+	return Legend{
+		Position:     mapV1Enum(d.readString(w, "legendPosition"), LegendPositionBottom, LegendPositionBottom, LegendPositionRight),
+		CustomColors: d.readStringMap(w, "customLegendColors"),
+	}
+}
+
+func (d *v1Decoder) mapV1SelectFields(w map[string]any) []telemetrytypes.TelemetryFieldKey {
+	field := "selectedLogFields"
+	raw := d.readArray(w, field)
+	if len(raw) == 0 {
+		field = "selectedTracesFields"
+		raw = d.readArray(w, field)
+	}
+	if len(raw) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	normalizePreV5FieldKeys(raw)
+	fields, err := decodeTelemetryFields(raw)
+	if err != nil {
+		d.note("widget %q has malformed %s: %v", d.readString(w, "id"), field, err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	return fields
+}
+
+func decodeTelemetryFields(raw []any) ([]telemetrytypes.TelemetryFieldKey, error) {
+	bytes, err := json.Marshal(raw)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var fields []telemetrytypes.TelemetryFieldKey
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(bytes, &fields); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return fields, nil
+}
+
+// ══════════════════════════════════════════════
+// Panel field mappers
+// ══════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+// v1 stores timePreferance as `GLOBAL_TIME`, `LAST_5_MIN`, … (see
+// frontend/src/container/NewWidget/RightContainer/timeItems.ts). v2 uses the
+// lowercase form, so the translation is just downcase.
+func mapV1TimePreference(s string) TimePreference {
+	if s == "" {
+		return TimePreferenceGlobalTime
+	}
+	candidate := TimePreference{valuer.NewString(strings.ToLower(s))}
+	for _, allowed := range candidate.Enum() {
+		if allowed == candidate {
+			return candidate
+		}
+	}
+	return TimePreferenceGlobalTime
+}
+
+// mapV1Precision is polymorphic (string|number), so it type-switches the raw
+// value rather than reading through a typed accessor.
+func mapV1Precision(raw any) PrecisionOption {
+	switch v := raw.(type) {
+	case string:
+		candidate := PrecisionOption{valuer.NewString(v)}
+		for _, allowed := range candidate.Enum() {
+			if allowed == candidate {
+				return candidate
+			}
+		}
+	case float64:
+		n := int(v)
+		if n >= 0 && n <= 4 {
+			return PrecisionOption{valuer.NewString(strconv.Itoa(n))}
+		}
+	}
+	return PrecisionOption2
+}
+
+// mapV1Enum picks the v1 string value if it matches one of the allowed v2
+// values, otherwise returns the fallback. v1 frontend enums (lineInterpolation,
+// lineStyle, fillMode, legendPosition) already use the v2 lowercase form.
+func mapV1Enum[T interface{ StringValue() string }](s string, fallback T, allowed ...T) T {
+	if s == "" {
+		return fallback
+	}
+	for _, a := range allowed {
+		if a.StringValue() == s {
+			return a
+		}
+	}
+	return fallback
+}
+
+// v1 spanGaps is `boolean | number`. true → span every gap; false → never span;
+// a number is interpreted (per frontend SeriesProps.spanGaps docs) as an
+// X-axis threshold in seconds. Polymorphic, so it type-switches the raw value.
+func mapV1SpanGaps(raw any) SpanGaps {
+	switch v := raw.(type) {
+	case bool:
+		if v {
+			return SpanGaps{FillOnlyBelow: false}
+		}
+		return SpanGaps{FillOnlyBelow: true}
+	case float64:
+		dur, err := valuer.ParseTextDuration(time.Duration(v * float64(time.Second)).String())
+		if err != nil {
+			return SpanGaps{FillOnlyBelow: false}
+		}
+		return SpanGaps{FillOnlyBelow: true, FillLessThan: dur}
+	}
+	return SpanGaps{FillOnlyBelow: false}
+}
+
+func (d *v1Decoder) mapV1ThresholdsWithLabel(w map[string]any) []ThresholdWithLabel {
+	rawSlice := d.readObjects(w, "thresholds")
+	if len(rawSlice) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	out := make([]ThresholdWithLabel, 0, len(rawSlice))
+	for _, t := range rawSlice {
+		color := d.readString(t, "thresholdColor")
+		label := d.readString(t, "thresholdLabel")
+		if color == "" || label == "" {
+			// v2 ThresholdWithLabel requires both; drop entries that wouldn't validate.
+			continue
+		}
+		value := d.readFloat(t, "thresholdValue")
+		out = append(out, ThresholdWithLabel{Value: &value, Unit: d.readString(t, "thresholdUnit"), Color: color, Label: label})
+	}
+	if len(out) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func (d *v1Decoder) mapV1ComparisonThresholds(w map[string]any) []ComparisonThreshold {
+	rawSlice := d.readObjects(w, "thresholds")
+	if len(rawSlice) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	out := make([]ComparisonThreshold, 0, len(rawSlice))
+	for _, t := range rawSlice {
+		color := d.readString(t, "thresholdColor")
+		if color == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		value := d.readFloat(t, "thresholdValue")
+		out = append(out, ComparisonThreshold{
+			Value:    &value,
+			Operator: d.mapV1ComparisonOperator(d.readString(t, "thresholdOperator")),
+			Unit:     d.readString(t, "thresholdUnit"),
+			Color:    color,
+			Format:   mapV1ThresholdFormat(d.readString(t, "thresholdFormat")),
+		})
+	}
+	if len(out) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func (d *v1Decoder) mapV1TableThresholds(w map[string]any) []TableThreshold {
+	rawSlice := d.readObjects(w, "thresholds")
+	if len(rawSlice) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	out := make([]TableThreshold, 0, len(rawSlice))
+	for _, t := range rawSlice {
+		color := d.readString(t, "thresholdColor")
+		columnName := d.readString(t, "thresholdTableOptions")
+		if color == "" || columnName == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		value := d.readFloat(t, "thresholdValue")
+		out = append(out, TableThreshold{
+			ComparisonThreshold: ComparisonThreshold{
+				Value:    &value,
+				Operator: d.mapV1ComparisonOperator(d.readString(t, "thresholdOperator")),
+				Unit:     d.readString(t, "thresholdUnit"),
+				Color:    color,
+				Format:   mapV1ThresholdFormat(d.readString(t, "thresholdFormat")),
+			},
+			ColumnName: columnName,
+		})
+	}
+	if len(out) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func (d *v1Decoder) mapV1ComparisonOperator(s string) ComparisonOperator {
+	switch s {
+	case ">":
+		return ComparisonOperatorAbove
+	case ">=":
+		return ComparisonOperatorAboveOrEqual
+	case "<":
+		return ComparisonOperatorBelow
+	case "<=":
+		return ComparisonOperatorBelowOrEqual
+	case "=":
+		return ComparisonOperatorEqual
+	case "!=":
+		return ComparisonOperatorNotEqual
+	default:
+		d.note("threshold has unknown comparison operator %q", s)
+		return ComparisonOperatorAbove
+	}
+}
+
+func mapV1ThresholdFormat(s string) ThresholdFormat {
+	switch strings.ToLower(s) {
+	case "background":
+		return ThresholdFormatBackground
+	case "text":
+		return ThresholdFormatText
+	}
+	return ThresholdFormatText
+}

pkg/types/dashboardtypes/perses_v1_to_v2_queries.go

@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+package dashboardtypes
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/SigNoz/signoz/pkg/errors"
+	qb "github.com/SigNoz/signoz/pkg/types/querybuildertypes/querybuildertypesv5"
+	"github.com/SigNoz/signoz/pkg/types/telemetrytypes"
+)
+
+// ══════════════════════════════════════════════
+// Queries
+// ══════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+// convertV1WidgetQuery returns exactly one Query (per Spec.Validate). The kind
+// chosen depends on the v1 widget query shape:
+//   - a single query (promql / clickhouse_sql / builder) → its native kind
+//   - multiple queries                                   → signoz/CompositeQuery
+//
+// A single query is never wrapped in a CompositeQuery; in particular List
+// panels accept only a bare signoz/BuilderQuery. Builder queries are routed
+// through qb.WrapInV5Envelope (in collectV1QueryEnvelopes), which translates v4
+// builder-field names (orderBy/selectColumns/dataSource) into their v5
+// equivalents and adds the `signal` field required by BuilderQuerySpec's
+// per-signal dispatch.
+func (d *v1Decoder) convertV1WidgetQuery(widget map[string]any, panelKind PanelPluginKind) []Query {
+	envelopes, signal := d.collectV1QueryEnvelopes(widget, panelKind)
+	if len(envelopes) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	requestType := requestTypeForPanel(panelKind)
+
+	// A single query keeps its native kind — never wrapped in a CompositeQuery.
+	if len(envelopes) == 1 {
+		if q := singleQueryFromEnvelope(envelopes[0], requestType, signal); q != nil {
+			return []Query{*q}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Default: wrap in CompositeQuery.
+	composite, err := parseCompositeFromEnvelopes(envelopes)
+	if err != nil || composite == nil {
+		d.note("widget %q: could not build query from %d envelope(s): %s", d.readString(widget, "id"), len(envelopes), detailErr(err))
+		return nil
+	}
+	return []Query{{
+		Kind: requestType,
+		Spec: QuerySpec{
+			Plugin: QueryPlugin{Kind: QueryKindComposite, Spec: composite},
+		},
+	}}
+}
+
+// requestTypeForPanel maps a v2 panel plugin kind to the request type (result
+// shape) its queries produce. Mirrors the frontend's panelTypeToRequestType
+// (buildQueryRangeRequest.ts): time series for line/bar/histogram (histogram
+// bins client-side from raw time series, V1 parity), scalar for
+// number/pie/table, raw rows for list.
+func requestTypeForPanel(panelKind PanelPluginKind) qb.RequestType {
+	switch panelKind {
+	case PanelKindTimeSeries, PanelKindBarChart, PanelKindHistogram:
+		return qb.RequestTypeTimeSeries
+	case PanelKindNumber, PanelKindPieChart, PanelKindTable:
+		return qb.RequestTypeScalar
+	case PanelKindList:
+		return qb.RequestTypeRaw
+	}
+	return qb.RequestTypeTimeSeries
+}
+
+// collectV1QueryEnvelopes inspects widget.query.queryType and produces a
+// flattened list of v5-shaped envelopes. The returned signal is the dominant
+// builder signal (if any), used for typed builder-query dispatch.
+func (d *v1Decoder) collectV1QueryEnvelopes(widget map[string]any, panelKind PanelPluginKind) ([]map[string]any, telemetrytypes.Signal) {
+	queryMap := d.readObject(widget, "query")
+	if queryMap == nil {
+		return nil, telemetrytypes.Signal{}
+	}
+	rowLimitPanel := panelKind == PanelKindList || panelKind == PanelKindTable
+
+	queryType := d.readString(queryMap, "queryType")
+	switch queryType {
+	case "promql":
+		var out []map[string]any
+		for _, q := range d.readObjects(queryMap, "promql") {
+			out = append(out, promQLEnvelope(q))
+		}
+		return out, telemetrytypes.Signal{}
+
+	case "clickhouse_sql":
+		var out []map[string]any
+		for _, q := range d.readObjects(queryMap, "clickhouse_sql") {
+			out = append(out, clickhouseEnvelope(q))
+		}
+		return out, telemetrytypes.Signal{}
+
+	case "builder":
+		builder := d.readObject(queryMap, "builder")
+		if builder == nil {
+			return nil, telemetrytypes.Signal{}
+		}
+		var out []map[string]any
+		var signal telemetrytypes.Signal
+		widgetType := d.readString(widget, "panelTypes")
+		for _, q := range d.readObjects(builder, "queryData") {
+			normalizePreV5QueryData(q, widgetType)
+			normalizePreV5SelectColumns(q)
+			normalizePreV5PageSize(q, rowLimitPanel)
+			name := d.readString(q, "queryName")
+			out = append(out, qb.WrapInV5Envelope(name, q, string(qb.QueryTypeBuilder.StringValue())))
+			if signal.IsZero() {
+				signal = signalFromDataSource(q["dataSource"])
+			}
+		}
+		for _, f := range d.readObjects(builder, "queryFormulas") {
+			normalizePreV5QueryData(f, widgetType)
+			name := d.readString(f, "queryName")
+			out = append(out, qb.WrapInV5Envelope(name, f, string(qb.QueryTypeFormula.StringValue())))
+		}
+		for _, op := range d.readObjects(builder, "queryTraceOperator") {
+			normalizePreV5QueryData(op, widgetType)
+			name := d.readString(op, "queryName")
+			out = append(out, qb.WrapInV5Envelope(name, op, string(qb.QueryTypeTraceOperator.StringValue())))
+		}
+		return out, signal
+	default:
+		d.note("widget %q has unknown queryType %q", d.readString(widget, "id"), queryType)
+	}
+	return nil, telemetrytypes.Signal{}
+}
+
+func promQLEnvelope(q map[string]any) map[string]any {
+	return map[string]any{
+		"type": qb.QueryTypePromQL.StringValue(),
+		"spec": map[string]any{
+			"name":     q["name"],
+			"query":    q["query"],
+			"disabled": q["disabled"],
+			"legend":   q["legend"],
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func clickhouseEnvelope(q map[string]any) map[string]any {
+	return map[string]any{
+		"type": qb.QueryTypeClickHouseSQL.StringValue(),
+		"spec": map[string]any{
+			"name":     q["name"],
+			"query":    q["query"],
+			"disabled": q["disabled"],
+			"legend":   q["legend"],
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+// singleQueryFromEnvelope returns a typed Query for one envelope, using its
+// native query kind (promql/clickhouse_sql/builder) rather than wrapping it in
+// a CompositeQuery. A bare signoz/BuilderQuery is valid for every panel kind
+// and is the only kind List panels accept.
+func singleQueryFromEnvelope(envelope map[string]any, requestType qb.RequestType, signal telemetrytypes.Signal) *Query {
+	t, _ := envelope["type"].(string)
+	spec, _ := envelope["spec"].(map[string]any)
+	switch t {
+	case qb.QueryTypePromQL.StringValue():
+		prom, err := decodeMapInto[qb.PromQuery](spec)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+		return &Query{
+			Kind: requestType,
+			Spec: QuerySpec{
+				Name:   prom.Name,
+				Plugin: QueryPlugin{Kind: QueryKindPromQL, Spec: &prom},
+			},
+		}
+	case qb.QueryTypeClickHouseSQL.StringValue():
+		ch, err := decodeMapInto[qb.ClickHouseQuery](spec)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+		return &Query{
+			Kind: requestType,
+			Spec: QuerySpec{
+				Name:   ch.Name,
+				Plugin: QueryPlugin{Kind: QueryKindClickHouseSQL, Spec: &ch},
+			},
+		}
+	case qb.QueryTypeBuilder.StringValue():
+		builderSpec := parseBuilderQuerySpec(spec, signal)
+		if builderSpec == nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+		name, _ := spec["name"].(string)
+		return &Query{
+			Kind: requestType,
+			Spec: QuerySpec{
+				Name:   name,
+				Plugin: QueryPlugin{Kind: QueryKindBuilder, Spec: &BuilderQuerySpec{Spec: builderSpec}},
+			},
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func parseCompositeFromEnvelopes(envelopes []map[string]any) (*CompositeQuerySpec, error) {
+	bytes, err := json.Marshal(envelopes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.WrapInternalf(err, errors.CodeInternal, "marshal v1 query envelopes")
+	}
+	var parsed []qb.QueryEnvelope
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(bytes, &parsed); err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.WrapInvalidInputf(err, ErrCodeDashboardInvalidWidgetQuery, "decode v5 query envelopes")
+	}
+	return &CompositeQuerySpec{Queries: parsed}, nil
+}
+
+func parseBuilderQuerySpec(rawSpec any, signal telemetrytypes.Signal) any {
+	spec, ok := rawSpec.(map[string]any)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if !signal.IsZero() {
+		spec["signal"] = signal.StringValue()
+	}
+	bytes, err := json.Marshal(spec)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	parsed, err := qb.UnmarshalBuilderQueryBySignal(bytes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return parsed
+}
+
+// signalFromDataSource maps a v1 data-source string to a v5 signal. Casing
+// varies by source: builder queries store lowercase ("traces"), while variable
+// `dynamicVariablesSource` stores capitalized ("Traces"), so match
+// case-insensitively. Unknown values (e.g. "All telemetry") map to the zero
+// Signal.
+func signalFromDataSource(raw any) telemetrytypes.Signal {
+	s, _ := raw.(string)
+	switch strings.ToLower(s) {
+	case "traces":
+		return telemetrytypes.SignalTraces
+	case "logs":
+		return telemetrytypes.SignalLogs
+	case "metrics":
+		return telemetrytypes.SignalMetrics
+	}
+	return telemetrytypes.Signal{}
+}

pkg/types/dashboardtypes/perses_v1_to_v2_queries_malformed.go

@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+package dashboardtypes
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"io"
+	"log/slog"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/SigNoz/signoz/pkg/transition"
+	"github.com/SigNoz/signoz/pkg/types/telemetrytypes"
+)
+
+// ══════════════════════════════════════════════
+// Malformed-field normalization
+// ══════════════════════════════════════════════
+//
+// Pre-v5 query-body reshapes for dashboards whose bodies aren't actually v5-shaped
+// (e.g. stamped version:"v5" but never upgraded). The bulk of the upgrade is
+// delegated to transition.MigrateQueryDataShapeSafe (see normalizePreV5QueryData);
+// this file keeps only the reshapes it doesn't cover.
+
+// preV5Migrator runs transition's shape-safe (idempotent) v4→v5 upgrade. Stateless
+// after construction, so a shared instance with a discard logger / no ambiguity
+// keys is fine.
+var preV5Migrator = transition.NewDashboardMigrateV5(slog.New(slog.NewTextHandler(io.Discard, nil)), nil, nil)
+
+// normalizePreV5QueryData upgrades one builder queryData/formula in place: the
+// shared migrator, then a reshape of any existing aggregations[] it leaves alone.
+func normalizePreV5QueryData(query map[string]any, widgetType string) {
+	preV5Migrator.MigrateQueryDataShapeSafe(context.Background(), query, widgetType)
+	normalizePreV5LogTraceAggregations(query)
+}
+
+// aggExprRe matches one "func(args)" with an optional "as alias". Mirrors the
+// frontend's parseAggregations regex; matching only well-formed func(args)
+// discards trailing junk ("sum(x) ) )" → "sum(x)").
+var aggExprRe = regexp.MustCompile(`([a-zA-Z0-9_]+\([^)]*\))(?:\s*as\s+('[^']*'|"[^"]*"|[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+))?`)
+
+// normalizePreV5LogTraceAggregations reshapes an existing logs/traces aggregations[]
+// via parseAggregations (extract func(args), lift inline "as alias", split
+// multi-part, drop metric-only fields; empty → count()). Covers the case the
+// migrator skips: it builds from flat fields but leaves a present-but-malformed
+// aggregations[] alone. A query with none is left as-is.
+func normalizePreV5LogTraceAggregations(query map[string]any) {
+	switch signalFromDataSource(query["dataSource"]) {
+	case telemetrytypes.SignalLogs, telemetrytypes.SignalTraces:
+	default:
+		return
+	}
+	aggs, ok := query["aggregations"].([]any)
+	if !ok || len(aggs) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	out := make([]any, 0, len(aggs))
+	for _, a := range aggs {
+		agg, ok := a.(map[string]any)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		expr, _ := agg["expression"].(string)
+		alias, _ := agg["alias"].(string)
+		parsed := parseAggregations(expr, alias)
+		if len(parsed) == 0 {
+			parsed = []any{map[string]any{"expression": "count()"}}
+		}
+		out = append(out, parsed...)
+	}
+	query["aggregations"] = out
+}
+
+// parseAggregations pulls every func(args) (with inline or passed-through alias,
+// quotes stripped) out of a v1 expression. Mirrors the frontend's
+// parseAggregations; empty result if none.
+func parseAggregations(expression, availableAlias string) []any {
+	matches := aggExprRe.FindAllStringSubmatch(expression, -1)
+	out := make([]any, 0, len(matches))
+	for _, m := range matches {
+		alias := m[2]
+		if alias == "" {
+			alias = availableAlias
+		}
+		agg := map[string]any{"expression": m[1]}
+		if alias != "" {
+			agg["alias"] = strings.Trim(alias, `'"`)
+		}
+		out = append(out, agg)
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+// normalizePreV5SelectColumns lets WrapInV5Envelope (which reads the old
+// {key,dataType,type}) handle selectColumns stored the v5 way ({name,…}): backfill
+// key/dataType/type from name/fieldDataType/fieldContext, drop columns with no
+// resolvable key. Inverse of normalizePreV5FieldKeys (the two consumers want
+// opposite shapes).
+func normalizePreV5SelectColumns(query map[string]any) {
+	cols, ok := query["selectColumns"].([]any)
+	if !ok {
+		return
+	}
+	out := make([]any, 0, len(cols))
+	for _, c := range cols {
+		col, ok := c.(map[string]any)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		if _, ok := col["key"]; !ok {
+			if name, ok := col["name"]; ok {
+				col["key"] = name
+			}
+		}
+		if _, ok := col["dataType"]; !ok {
+			if fdt, ok := col["fieldDataType"]; ok {
+				col["dataType"] = fdt
+			}
+		}
+		if _, ok := col["type"]; !ok {
+			if fc, ok := col["fieldContext"]; ok {
+				col["type"] = fc
+			}
+		}
+		if key, _ := col["key"].(string); key == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		out = append(out, col)
+	}
+	query["selectColumns"] = out
+}
+
+// normalizePreV5FieldKeys renames list-panel field keys {key,dataType,type} →
+// {name,fieldDataType,fieldContext} in place (as WrapInV5Envelope does for
+// groupBy/orderBy). Entries already carrying "name" are left as-is.
+func normalizePreV5FieldKeys(fields []any) {
+	for _, f := range fields {
+		field, ok := f.(map[string]any)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		if _, hasName := field["name"]; hasName {
+			continue
+		}
+		if key, ok := field["key"]; ok {
+			field["name"] = key
+		}
+		if dataType, ok := field["dataType"]; ok {
+			field["fieldDataType"] = dataType
+		}
+		if typ, ok := field["type"]; ok {
+			field["fieldContext"] = typ
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// normalizePreV5PageSize backfills limit from the legacy pageSize (frontend's
+// `limit || pageSize`), for row-limited panels (list/table) only. Leaves a query
+// that already has limit, or a non-row-limited panel, untouched.
+func normalizePreV5PageSize(query map[string]any, rowLimitPanel bool) {
+	if !rowLimitPanel {
+		return
+	}
+	if _, ok := query["limit"]; ok {
+		return
+	}
+	if ps, ok := query["pageSize"]; ok {
+		query["limit"] = ps
+	}
+}

pkg/types/dashboardtypes/perses_v1_to_v2_tags.go

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+package dashboardtypes
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/SigNoz/signoz/pkg/types/coretypes"
+	"github.com/SigNoz/signoz/pkg/types/tagtypes"
+	"github.com/SigNoz/signoz/pkg/valuer"
+)
+
+// ══════════════════════════════════════════════
+// Tags
+// ══════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+// v1 carries tags as a flat []string; v2 tags are (key, value) pairs. Each v1
+// string is normalized into a pair (separator split, empty-side fallback,
+// reserved-key prefix, `/` scrub). Tags that normalize to the same
+// (lower(key), lower(value)) within a dashboard are collapsed, first occurrence
+// winning the display casing.
+//
+// Characters still illegal after normalization (spaces, punctuation) are molded
+// to fit the tag validators: disallowed runs collapse to "_" (see moldTagField).
+
+// defaultV1TagKey is the key assigned when a v1 tag string has no usable
+// separator (or one side of the split is empty).
+const defaultV1TagKey = "tag"
+
+func (d *v1Decoder) convertV1TagsForOrg(orgID valuer.UUID, raw any) []*tagtypes.Tag {
+	if raw == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	rawTagsList, ok := raw.([]any)
+	if !ok {
+		d.noteMalformedField("tags", raw)
+		return nil
+	}
+	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(rawTagsList))
+	tagsV2 := make([]*tagtypes.Tag, 0, len(rawTagsList))
+	for i, rawTag := range rawTagsList {
+		s, ok := rawTag.(string)
+		if !ok {
+			d.noteMalformedField(fmt.Sprintf("tags[%d]", i), rawTag)
+			continue
+		}
+		key, value, ok := normalizeV1Tag(s)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		dedupKey := strings.ToLower(key) + "\x00" + strings.ToLower(value)
+		if _, dup := seen[dedupKey]; dup {
+			continue
+		}
+		seen[dedupKey] = struct{}{}
+		tagsV2 = append(tagsV2, tagtypes.NewTag(orgID, coretypes.KindDashboard, key, value))
+	}
+	return tagsV2
+}
+
+// normalizeV1Tag derives a (key, value) pair from one v1 tag string. After
+// splitting and molding both sides, a lone survivor becomes a value under the
+// default key; ok is false if neither survives.
+func normalizeV1Tag(s string) (string, string, bool) {
+	s = strings.TrimSpace(s)
+	if s == "" {
+		return "", "", false
+	}
+
+	var rawKey, rawValue string
+	switch {
+	case strings.Contains(s, ":"):
+		rawKey, rawValue, _ = strings.Cut(s, ":")
+		// Only the first ":" separates key from value; collapse the rest.
+		rawValue = strings.ReplaceAll(rawValue, ":", "_")
+	case strings.Contains(s, "/"):
+		rawKey, rawValue, _ = strings.Cut(s, "/")
+	default:
+		rawValue = s
+	}
+	rawKey = strings.TrimSpace(rawKey)
+	rawValue = strings.TrimSpace(rawValue)
+
+	// Reserved-key collision: prefix "_" so the list-query DSL stays unambiguous.
+	if _, reserved := reservedDSLKeys[DSLKey(strings.ToLower(rawKey))]; rawKey != "" && reserved {
+		rawKey = "_" + rawKey
+	}
+
+	key := moldTagField(rawKey, tagKeyDisallowed, tagKeyNotLead, tagtypes.MAX_LEN_TAG_KEY)
+	value := moldTagField(rawValue, tagValueDisallowed, nil, tagtypes.MAX_LEN_TAG_VALUE)
+	switch {
+	case key == "" && value == "":
+		return "", "", false
+	case key == "":
+		return defaultV1TagKey, value, true
+	case value == "":
+		return defaultV1TagKey, key, true
+	default:
+		return key, value, true
+	}
+}
+
+// Inverse of tagKeyRegex/tagValueRegex ("/" always rejected); tagKeyNotLead
+// matches a bad first char for a key. TestMoldedV1TagsPassValidation guards drift.
+var (
+	tagKeyDisallowed   = regexp.MustCompile(`[^a-zA-Z0-9$_@#{}:-]+`)
+	tagValueDisallowed = regexp.MustCompile(`[^a-zA-Z0-9$_@#{}:.+=-]+`)
+	tagKeyNotLead      = regexp.MustCompile(`^[^a-zA-Z$_@{#]`)
+)
+
+// moldTagField collapses disallowed runs to "_", prefixes "_" if notLead hits
+// the first char, and caps at max. Keeps a leading "_", trims a trailing one.
+func moldTagField(s string, disallowed, notLead *regexp.Regexp, max int) string {
+	s = strings.TrimRight(disallowed.ReplaceAllString(s, "_"), "_")
+	if s != "" && notLead != nil && notLead.MatchString(s) {
+		s = "_" + s
+	}
+	if len(s) > max {
+		s = strings.TrimRight(s[:max], "_")
+	}
+	return s
+}

pkg/types/dashboardtypes/perses_v1_to_v2_variables.go

@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+package dashboardtypes
+
+import (
+	"sort"
+
+	"github.com/perses/spec/go/dashboard/variable"
+)
+
+// ══════════════════════════════════════════════
+// Variables
+// ══════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+// convertV1Variables walks the v1 `variables` map (UUID-keyed) and produces an
+// ordered []Variable. Variables sort by `order` first, then by id for stable
+// output. v1 variable types map as follows:
+//
+//	QUERY    → ListVariable + signoz/QueryVariable
+//	CUSTOM   → ListVariable + signoz/CustomVariable
+//	DYNAMIC  → ListVariable + signoz/DynamicVariable
+//	TEXTBOX  → TextVariable
+func (d *v1Decoder) convertV1Variables(raw any) []Variable {
+	if raw == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	rawVariablesMap, ok := raw.(map[string]any)
+	if !ok {
+		d.noteMalformedField("variables", raw)
+		return nil
+	}
+	type ordered struct {
+		variableID      string
+		variableContent map[string]any
+		order           float64
+	}
+	entries := make([]ordered, 0, len(rawVariablesMap))
+	for variableID, variableContentRaw := range rawVariablesMap {
+		variableContent, ok := variableContentRaw.(map[string]any)
+		if !ok {
+			d.noteMalformedField("variables."+variableID, variableContentRaw)
+			continue
+		}
+		entries = append(entries, ordered{variableID: variableID, variableContent: variableContent, order: d.readFloat(variableContent, "order")})
+	}
+	sort.SliceStable(entries, func(i, j int) bool {
+		if entries[i].order != entries[j].order {
+			return entries[i].order < entries[j].order
+		}
+		return entries[i].variableID < entries[j].variableID
+	})
+
+	variablesV2 := make([]Variable, 0, len(entries))
+	for _, e := range entries {
+		v, ok := d.convertV1Variable(e.variableContent)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		variablesV2 = append(variablesV2, v)
+	}
+	return variablesV2
+}
+
+func (d *v1Decoder) convertV1Variable(v map[string]any) (Variable, bool) {
+	name := d.readString(v, "name")
+	if name == "" {
+		return Variable{}, false
+	}
+	description := d.readString(v, "description")
+	kind := d.readString(v, "type")
+
+	switch kind {
+	case "TEXTBOX":
+		spec := &TextVariableSpec{
+			Display: Display{Name: name, Description: description},
+			Value:   d.readString(v, "textboxValue"),
+			Name:    name,
+		}
+		return Variable{Kind: variable.KindText, Spec: spec}, true
+
+	case "QUERY", "CUSTOM", "DYNAMIC":
+		listSpec := &ListVariableSpec{
+			Display:         Display{Name: name, Description: description},
+			AllowAllValue:   d.readBool(v, "showALLOption"),
+			AllowMultiple:   d.readBool(v, "multiSelect"),
+			CustomAllValue:  d.readString(v, "customAllValue"),
+			CapturingRegexp: d.readString(v, "capturingRegexp"),
+			Sort:            mapV1Sort(d.readString(v, "sort")),
+			Plugin:          d.variablePluginFor(kind, v),
+			Name:            name,
+		}
+		if dv := mapV1VariableDefault(v); dv != nil {
+			listSpec.DefaultValue = dv
+		}
+		return Variable{Kind: variable.KindList, Spec: listSpec}, true
+
+	default:
+		d.note("variable %q has unknown type %q", name, kind)
+		return Variable{}, false
+	}
+}
+
+func (d *v1Decoder) variablePluginFor(kind string, v map[string]any) VariablePlugin {
+	switch kind {
+	case "QUERY":
+		return VariablePlugin{
+			Kind: VariableKindQuery,
+			Spec: &QueryVariableSpec{QueryValue: d.readString(v, "queryValue")},
+		}
+	case "CUSTOM":
+		return VariablePlugin{
+			Kind: VariableKindCustom,
+			Spec: &CustomVariableSpec{CustomValue: d.readString(v, "customValue")},
+		}
+	case "DYNAMIC":
+		spec := &DynamicVariableSpec{Name: d.readString(v, "dynamicVariablesAttribute")}
+		if signal := signalFromDataSource(v["dynamicVariablesSource"]); !signal.IsZero() {
+			spec.Signal = signal
+		}
+		return VariablePlugin{Kind: VariableKindDynamic, Spec: spec}
+	}
+	return VariablePlugin{}
+}
+
+// mapV1VariableDefault reads selectedValue/defaultValue, both polymorphic
+// (string|array), so it indexes the raw value and lets defaultValueFromAny
+// type-switch — no typed accessor, intentionally lenient.
+func mapV1VariableDefault(v map[string]any) *VariableDefaultValue {
+	if raw, ok := v["selectedValue"]; ok {
+		return defaultValueFromAny(raw)
+	}
+	if raw, ok := v["defaultValue"]; ok {
+		return defaultValueFromAny(raw)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func defaultValueFromAny(raw any) *VariableDefaultValue {
+	switch v := raw.(type) {
+	case string:
+		if v == "" {
+			return nil
+		}
+		return &VariableDefaultValue{variable.DefaultValue{SingleValue: v}}
+	case []any:
+		if len(v) == 0 {
+			return nil
+		}
+		values := make([]string, 0, len(v))
+		for _, item := range v {
+			if s, ok := item.(string); ok && s != "" {
+				values = append(values, s)
+			}
+		}
+		if len(values) == 0 {
+			return nil
+		}
+		return &VariableDefaultValue{variable.DefaultValue{SliceValues: values}}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func mapV1Sort(s string) ListVariableSpecSort {
+	switch s {
+	case "ASC":
+		return SortAlphabeticalAsc
+	case "DESC":
+		return SortAlphabeticalDesc
+	}
+	return ListVariableSpecSort{} // zero (omitzero) — SortNone is the implicit default
+}

pkg/types/dashboardtypes/source.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/SigNoz/signoz/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/SigNoz/signoz/pkg/valuer"
+	"github.com/swaggest/jsonschema-go"
 )
 
 type Source struct {
@@ -22,6 +23,23 @@ func (Source) Enum() []any {
 	return []any{SourceUser, SourceSystem, SourceIntegration}
 }
 
+// JSONSchema exposes Source as a string enum. Without this the reflector sees the
+// unexported valuer.String field and emits `type: object`. The enum values are
+// derived from Enum() so the list of sources lives in exactly one place.
+func (Source) JSONSchema() (jsonschema.Schema, error) {
+	sources := Source{}.Enum()
+	enum := make([]any, 0, len(sources))
+	for _, source := range sources {
+		enum = append(enum, source.(Source).StringValue())
+	}
+
+	schema := jsonschema.Schema{}
+	schema.WithType(jsonschema.String.Type())
+	schema.WithEnum(enum...)
+
+	return schema, nil
+}
+
 func (s Source) IsValid() bool {
 	return slices.ContainsFunc(s.Enum(), func(v any) bool { return v == s })
 }

pkg/types/querybuildertypes/querybuildertypesv5/migrate_envelope.go

@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+package querybuildertypesv5
+
+// WrapInV5Envelope translates a single v4 builder query/formula map into a
+// v5 query envelope ({"type": ..., "spec": ...}). It is a pure shape transform
+// over untyped maps: v4 builder field names (groupBy/orderBy/selectColumns/
+// dataSource) are rewritten to their v5 equivalents and a `signal` is derived
+// from the data source. queryType selects the envelope type, except a formula
+// (detected when name != queryMap["expression"]) is always emitted as
+// "builder_formula".
+//
+// Migration code (pkg/transition) and the v1→v2 dashboard conversion both
+// produce v5 envelopes, so this lives here with the v5 query types rather than
+// in an infra-level package.
+func WrapInV5Envelope(name string, queryMap map[string]any, queryType string) map[string]any {
+	// Create a properly structured v5 query
+	v5Query := map[string]any{
+		"name":     name,
+		"disabled": queryMap["disabled"],
+		"legend":   queryMap["legend"],
+	}
+
+	if name != queryMap["expression"] {
+		// formula
+		queryType = "builder_formula"
+		v5Query["expression"] = queryMap["expression"]
+		if functions, ok := queryMap["functions"]; ok {
+			v5Query["functions"] = functions
+		}
+		return map[string]any{
+			"type": queryType,
+			"spec": v5Query,
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Add signal based on data source
+	if dataSource, ok := queryMap["dataSource"].(string); ok {
+		switch dataSource {
+		case "traces":
+			v5Query["signal"] = "traces"
+		case "logs":
+			v5Query["signal"] = "logs"
+		case "metrics":
+			v5Query["signal"] = "metrics"
+		}
+	}
+
+	if stepInterval, ok := queryMap["stepInterval"]; ok {
+		v5Query["stepInterval"] = stepInterval
+	}
+
+	if aggregations, ok := queryMap["aggregations"]; ok {
+		v5Query["aggregations"] = aggregations
+	}
+
+	if filter, ok := queryMap["filter"]; ok {
+		v5Query["filter"] = filter
+	}
+
+	// Copy groupBy with proper structure
+	if groupBy, ok := queryMap["groupBy"].([]any); ok {
+		v5GroupBy := make([]any, len(groupBy))
+		for i, gb := range groupBy {
+			if gbMap, ok := gb.(map[string]any); ok {
+				v5GroupBy[i] = map[string]any{
+					"name":          gbMap["key"],
+					"fieldDataType": gbMap["dataType"],
+					"fieldContext":  gbMap["type"],
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		v5Query["groupBy"] = v5GroupBy
+	}
+
+	// Copy orderBy with proper structure
+	if orderBy, ok := queryMap["orderBy"].([]any); ok {
+		v5OrderBy := make([]any, len(orderBy))
+		for i, ob := range orderBy {
+			if obMap, ok := ob.(map[string]any); ok {
+				v5OrderBy[i] = map[string]any{
+					"key": map[string]any{
+						"name":          obMap["columnName"],
+						"fieldDataType": obMap["dataType"],
+						"fieldContext":  obMap["type"],
+					},
+					"direction": obMap["order"],
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		v5Query["order"] = v5OrderBy
+	}
+
+	// Copy selectColumns as selectFields
+	if selectColumns, ok := queryMap["selectColumns"].([]any); ok {
+		v5SelectFields := make([]any, len(selectColumns))
+		for i, col := range selectColumns {
+			if colMap, ok := col.(map[string]any); ok {
+				v5SelectFields[i] = map[string]any{
+					"name":          colMap["key"],
+					"fieldDataType": colMap["dataType"],
+					"fieldContext":  colMap["type"],
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		v5Query["selectFields"] = v5SelectFields
+	}
+
+	// Copy limit and offset
+	if limit, ok := queryMap["limit"]; ok {
+		v5Query["limit"] = limit
+	}
+	if offset, ok := queryMap["offset"]; ok {
+		v5Query["offset"] = offset
+	}
+
+	if having, ok := queryMap["having"]; ok {
+		v5Query["having"] = having
+	}
+
+	if functions, ok := queryMap["functions"]; ok {
+		v5Query["functions"] = functions
+	}
+
+	return map[string]any{
+		"type": queryType,
+		"spec": v5Query,
+	}
+}

tests/integration/tests/dashboard/03_v2_dashboard.py

@@ -173,6 +173,125 @@ def test_create_rejects_too_many_tags(
     assert response.json()["error"]["code"] == "dashboard_invalid_input"
 
 
+def test_create_rejects_invalid_grid_layout(
+    signoz: SigNoz,
+    create_user_admin: Operation,  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+    get_token: Callable[[str, str], str],
+):
+    token = get_token(USER_ADMIN_EMAIL, USER_ADMIN_PASSWORD)
+
+    def panel(name: str) -> dict:
+        return {
+            "kind": "Panel",
+            "spec": {
+                "display": {"name": name},
+                "plugin": {"kind": "signoz/TablePanel", "spec": {}},
+                "queries": [
+                    {
+                        "kind": "time_series",
+                        "spec": {
+                            "plugin": {
+                                "kind": "signoz/BuilderQuery",
+                                "spec": {
+                                    "name": "A",
+                                    "signal": "logs",
+                                    "aggregations": [{"expression": "count()"}],
+                                },
+                            }
+                        },
+                    }
+                ],
+            },
+        }
+
+    # Two grid items reference valid, distinct panels but share cells, so the
+    # overlap is the only violation.
+    response = requests.post(
+        signoz.self.host_configs["8080"].get(BASE_URL),
+        json={
+            "schemaVersion": "v6",
+            "name": "rejects-overlap",
+            "spec": {
+                "display": {"name": "Rejects Overlap"},
+                "panels": {"p1": panel("P1"), "p2": panel("P2")},
+                "layouts": [
+                    {
+                        "kind": "Grid",
+                        "spec": {
+                            "items": [
+                                {"x": 0, "y": 0, "width": 6, "height": 6, "content": {"$ref": "#/spec/panels/p1"}},
+                                {"x": 3, "y": 3, "width": 6, "height": 6, "content": {"$ref": "#/spec/panels/p2"}},
+                            ]
+                        },
+                    }
+                ],
+            },
+            "tags": [],
+        },
+        headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"},
+        timeout=5,
+    )
+    assert response.status_code == HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST
+    assert response.json()["error"]["code"] == "dashboard_invalid_input"
+    assert "overlap" in response.json()["error"]["message"]
+
+    # One panel placed by two grid items (side by side, so they clear the overlap
+    # check first). The frontend keys grid items by panel id, so this is rejected.
+    response = requests.post(
+        signoz.self.host_configs["8080"].get(BASE_URL),
+        json={
+            "schemaVersion": "v6",
+            "name": "rejects-multiref",
+            "spec": {
+                "display": {"name": "Rejects Multiref"},
+                "panels": {"p1": panel("P1")},
+                "layouts": [
+                    {
+                        "kind": "Grid",
+                        "spec": {
+                            "items": [
+                                {"x": 0, "y": 0, "width": 6, "height": 6, "content": {"$ref": "#/spec/panels/p1"}},
+                                {"x": 6, "y": 0, "width": 6, "height": 6, "content": {"$ref": "#/spec/panels/p1"}},
+                            ]
+                        },
+                    }
+                ],
+            },
+            "tags": [],
+        },
+        headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"},
+        timeout=5,
+    )
+    assert response.status_code == HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST
+    assert response.json()["error"]["code"] == "dashboard_invalid_input"
+    assert "already placed" in response.json()["error"]["message"]
+
+    # More grid items than allowed. The item-count check runs before the
+    # panel-ref check, so content-less items suffice here.
+    response = requests.post(
+        signoz.self.host_configs["8080"].get(BASE_URL),
+        json={
+            "schemaVersion": "v6",
+            "name": "rejects-too-many-items",
+            "spec": {
+                "display": {"name": "Rejects Too Many"},
+                "layouts": [
+                    {
+                        "kind": "Grid",
+                        "spec": {"items": [{"x": 0, "y": 0, "width": 1, "height": 1} for _ in range(101)]},
+                    }
+                ],
+            },
+            "tags": [],
+        },
+        headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"},
+        timeout=5,
+    )
+    assert response.status_code == HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST
+    assert response.json()["error"]["code"] == "dashboard_invalid_input"
+    assert "maximum" in response.json()["error"]["message"]
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "params",
     [